【正文】 劃成 熱帶雨林、熱帶大草原、沼澤、沙漠以及海洋 等五種自然環(huán)境，擁有千餘種昆蟲、鳥類、動(dòng)物及魚類，以提供 8名研究人員不假外界援助而得獨(dú)立生活的自足生活系統(tǒng)，不幸結(jié)果卻演變成充滿二氧化碳和氮?dú)獾膼旱?，藤蔓叢生，蟑螂、螞蟻和螽斯橫行。 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 生物圈 2號(hào) 內(nèi)各個(gè)組成部分及 結(jié) 構(gòu)參數(shù) 區(qū)域 面積 (m2) 體積 (m3) 土壤 (m3) 水分 (m3) 大氣 (m3) 集約農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū) 2023 38000 2720 60 35220 居住區(qū)區(qū) 1000 11000 2 1 10997 熱帶雨林 2023 35000 6000 100 28900 熱帶草原 /海洋 /沼澤 2500 49000 4000 3400 41600 沙漠 1400 22023 4000 400 17600 西肺 1800 15000 0 0 15000 南肺 1800 15750 0 750 15000 註 :上述兩“肺”的體積僅為止其完全膨漲的 50% Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology and Environmental Issues ? Ecology – Provides the scientific understanding underlying environmental issues ? Rachel Carson – Is credited with starting the modern environmental movement. Figure Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Most ecologists follow the precautionary principle regarding environmental issues. ? The precautionary principle (預(yù)警原理 /準(zhǔn)則 ) – Basically states that humans need to be concerned with how their actions affect the environment. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報(bào)告完畢 敬請(qǐng)指教 ?。? ?。? ?。? ??？ ?。? ??？ Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Concept : Interactions between anisms and the environment limit the distribution of species ? Ecologists – Have long recognized global and regional patterns of distribution of anisms within the biosphere Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Many naturalists (自然學(xué)家 ) – Began to identify broad patterns of distribution by naming biogeographic realms (生物地理範(fàn)圍 ) Tropic of Cancer (?N) Equator Nearctic Neotropical Ethiopian Oriental Australian Palearctic (?S) Tropic of Capricorn Figure 新北極區(qū) 舊北極區(qū) 東方區(qū) 新熱帶區(qū) 衣索比亞區(qū) 澳大利亞區(qū) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Biogeography (生物地理學(xué) ) – Provides a good starting point for understanding what limits the geographic distribution of species Figure Species absent because Yes No Dispersal limits distribution? Behavior limits distribution? Biotic factors (other species) limit distribution? Abiotic factors limit distribution? Yes No Yes No Area inaccessible or insufficient time Habitat selection Predation, parasitism, petition, disease Water Oxygen Salinity pH Soil nutrients, etc. Temperature Light Soil structure Fire Moisture, etc. Chemical factors Physical factors Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dispersal and Distribution (散佈與分佈 ) ? Dispersal (散佈 ) – Is the movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin – Contributes to the global distribution of anisms Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings New areas occupied Year 1996 1989 1974 Natural Range Expansions Show the influence of dispersal on distribution. Figure . Spread of breeding populations of the greattailed grackle (長(zhǎng)尾白頭翁 ) in the USA from 1974 to 1996. The grackle expanded its breeding range substantially in just 22 years. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Species Transplants (物種轉(zhuǎn)移 ) ? Species transplants – Include anisms that are intentionally (有目的地 /有意地 ) or accidentally (意外地 /無(wú)意地 ) relocated (重新定位 /位移 ) from their original distribution – Can often disrupt the munities or ecosystems to which they have been introduced Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Behavior and Habitat Selection ? Some anisms – Do not occupy all of their potential range ? Species distribution – May be limited by habitat selection behavior Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報(bào)告完畢 敬請(qǐng)指教 ??？ ?。? ??？ ??？ ??？ ??？ Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biotic Factors (生物因子 ) ? Biotic factors that affect the distribution of anisms may include – Interactions with other species (種間互動(dòng) ) – Predation (捕食作用 ) – Competition (競(jìng)爭(zhēng)作用 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? A specific case of an herbivore limiting distribution of a food species: Removal and Addition Figure W. J. Fletcher tested the effects of two algaeeating animals, sea urchins and limpets, on seaweed abundance near Sydney, Australia. In areas adjacent to a control site, either the urchins, the limpets, or both were removed. EXPERIMENT RESULTS Fletcher observed a large difference in seaweed growth between areas with and without sea urchins. 100 80 60 40 20 0 Limpet 帽貝 Sea urchin 海膽 Both limpets and urchins removed Only urchins removed Only limpets removed August 1982 February 1983 August 1983 February 1984 Control (both urchins and limpets present) Seaweed cover (%) Removing both limpets and urchins or removing only urchins increased seaweed cover dramatically. Almost no seaweed grew in areas where both urchins and limpets were present, or where only limpets were removed. Removing both limpets and urchins resulted in the greatest increase of seaweed cover, indicating that