【正文】 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere (生態(tài)學(xué)及生物圈之介紹 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Key Concepts(基本觀念 ) : Ecology is the study of interactions between anisms and the environment.(生態(tài)學(xué)是研究生物與環(huán)境間之互動(dòng) ) : Interactions between anisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.(生物與環(huán)境間之互動(dòng)限制物種之分佈 ) : Abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes.(非生物與生物因子影響水生生物之結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)態(tài) ) : Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes.(氣候決定陸生生物之結(jié)構(gòu)與分佈 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: The Scope of Ecology (生態(tài)學(xué)的範(fàn)疇 ) ? Overview: The Scope of Ecology ? Ecology(生態(tài)學(xué) ) – Is the scientific study of the interactions(互動(dòng) ) between anisms and the environment ? These interactions (互動(dòng) ) – Determine both the distribution(分佈 ) of anisms and their abundance(豐度 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Ecology (生態(tài)學(xué) ) – Is an enormously plex and exciting area of biology. – Reveals the richness of the biosphere (生物圈 ). Figure . The richness of the biosphere evident in one area of a Panamanian forest. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Concept : Ecology is the study of interactions between anisms and the environment ? Ecology (生態(tài)學(xué) ) – Has a long history as a descriptive science(描述性科學(xué) ) – Is also a rigorous experimental science(實(shí)驗(yàn)性科學(xué) ) – Is an integrative biology(整合性生物學(xué) ). Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organisms and the Environment (生物與環(huán)境 ) ? The environment of any anism includes – Abiotic(非生物性 ), or nonliving ponents: temperature, sunlight, water and nutrient. – Biotic (生物性 ), or living ponents: other anisms. – All the anisms living in the environment, the biota (生物相 ) (Biota, biomass, biomes) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (演化生物學(xué) ) ? Events that occur in ecological time – Affect life on the scale of evolutionary time. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental ponents(環(huán)境成份 、 組 成 ) Affect the distribution and abundance of anisms (影響生物的分佈與豐度 ). Figure . Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia, based on aerial survey. Kangaroos/km2 20 10–20 5–10 1–5 –1 Limits of distribution Climate in northern Australia is hot and wet, with seasonal drought. Red kangaroos occur in most semiarid and arid regions of the interior, where precipitation is relatively low and variable from year to year. Southeastern Australia has a wet, cool climate. Southern Australia has cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Tasmania Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecologists(生態(tài)學(xué)家 ) Scientist or biologist using observations (觀察 ) and experiments to test explanations (解釋 ) for the distribution (分佈 ) and abundance (豐度 ) of species. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Subfields of Ecology (生態(tài)學(xué)之次領(lǐng)域 ) ? Organismal ecology (個(gè)體生態(tài)學(xué) )Studies how an anism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment. Figure . Organismal ecology. How do humpback whales select their calving areas? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population ecology (族群生態(tài)學(xué) ) Concentrates mainly on factors (因子 ) that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area. Figure . Population ecology. What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Community ecology (群聚生態(tài)學(xué) ) Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a munity. Figure Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species (種的歧異度 ) that make up a particular forest? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecosystem ecology (生態(tài)系生態(tài)學(xué) ) Emphasizes energy flow (能量流 ) and chemical cycling (化學(xué)循環(huán) ) among the various biotic and abiotic ponents (非生物與生物組成 ). Figure Ecosystem ecology. What factors control photosynthetic productivity in a temperate grassland ecosystem (草原生態(tài)系 )? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Landscape ecology(景觀生態(tài)學(xué) ) Deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region(地理位置 ). Figure . Landscape ecology. To what extent do the trees lining the drainage channels in this landscape serve as corridors of dispersal for forest animals? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The biosphere (生物圈 ) Is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the pla’s ecosystems.(全球生態(tài)系是地球所有生態(tài)系的總和 ) The Earth is the Biosphere 1. (地球是生物圈一號(hào) ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 生物圈二號(hào) (Biosphere 2) 定名為 生物圈 2號(hào) ，是因?yàn)檫@是模仿第一個(gè)生物圈－地球的生態(tài)交流所建的第二個(gè)生物圈 。亦即地球是 生物圈 1號(hào) 。 生物圈 2號(hào) 建於亞利桑納州的奧拉克爾，金主是德州富豪 巴斯 ，佔(zhàn)地三點(diǎn)一英畝，約五層樓高， 是以玻璃和鋼筋與外界隔絕的密閉溫室 。 裡面經(jīng)人工規(guī)