【正文】 (全球生態(tài)系是地球所有生態(tài)系的總和 ) The Earth is the Biosphere 1. (地球是生物圈一號 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Population ecology (族群生態(tài)學 ) Concentrates mainly on factors (因子 ) that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area. Figure . Population ecology. What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (演化生物學 ) ? Events that occur in ecological time – Affect life on the scale of evolutionary time. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: The Scope of Ecology (生態(tài)學的範疇 ) ? Overview: The Scope of Ecology ? Ecology(生態(tài)學 ) – Is the scientific study of the interactions(互動 ) between anisms and the environment ? These interactions (互動 ) – Determine both the distribution(分佈 ) of anisms and their abundance(豐度 ) Copyright 169。Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Ecology (生態(tài)學 ) – Is an enormously plex and exciting area of biology. – Reveals the richness of the biosphere (生物圈 ). Figure . The richness of the biosphere evident in one area of a Panamanian forest. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Environmental ponents(環(huán)境成份 、 組 成 ) Affect the distribution and abundance of anisms (影響生物的分佈與豐度 ). Figure . Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia, based on aerial survey. Kangaroos/km2 20 10–20 5–10 1–5 –1 Limits of distribution Climate in northern Australia is hot and wet, with seasonal drought. Red kangaroos occur in most semiarid and arid regions of the interior, where precipitation is relatively low and variable from year to year. Southeastern Australia has a wet, cool climate. Southern Australia has cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Tasmania Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Community ecology (群聚生態(tài)學 ) Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a munity. Figure Community ecology. What factors influence the diversity of species (種的歧異度 ) that make up a particular forest? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 生物圈二號 (Biosphere 2) 定名為 生物圈 2號 ，是因為這是模仿第一個生物圈－地球的生態(tài)交流所建的第二個生物圈 。 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報告完畢 敬請指教 ??？ ??？ ！？ ！？ ！？ ??？ Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dispersal and Distribution (散佈與分佈 ) ? Dispersal (散佈 ) – Is the movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin – Contributes to the global distribution of anisms Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報告完畢 敬請指教 ！？ ！？ ！？ ??？ ！？ ??？ Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temperature ? Environmental temperature – Is an important factor in the distribution of anisms because of its effects on biological processes Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rocks and Soil ? Many characteristics of soil limit the distribution of plants and thus the animals that feed upon them – Physical structure (物理結(jié)構(gòu) ) – pH (酸鹼度 ) – Mineral position (礦物組成 ) Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ? Sunlight intensity plays a major part in determining the Earth’s climate patterns Figure . Latitudinal variation and sunlight intensity Low angle of ining sunlight Sunlight directly overhead Low angle of ining sunlight North Pole 60?N 30?N Tropic of Cancer 0? (equator) 30?S 60?S Atmosphere Tropic of Capricorn South pole Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity 低角度的入射日光 低角度的入射日光 日光正位於頭頂上方 南極 北極 Copyright 169。 neither pole tilts toward sun。 winter begins in Northern Hemisphere。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Global air circulation and precipitation patterns GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS 全球風型式 Figure Westerlies Northeast trades Doldrums Southeast trades Westerlies Antarctic Circle 南極圈 60?S 30?S 0? (equator) 30?N 60?N Arctic Circle 北極圈 西風帶 東北季風 赤道無風帶 東南季風 西風帶 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seasonality (季節(jié)性 ) ? The angle of the sun (太陽角度 ) – Leads to many seasonal changes in local environments Copyright 169。 water is progressively warmer at deeper levels of the lake, typically 4–5176。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 報告完畢 敬請指教 ??？ ??？ ??？ ！？ ！？ ?。? Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratification of aquatic biomes (水域生物相的分層 ) ? Many aquatic biomes are stratified into zones or layers defined by light peration, temperature, and depth (b) Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally classified on the basis of light peration (photic and aphotic zones), distance from shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic and abyssal zones). (a) Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the basis of three physical crit