美國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史復(fù)習(xí)資料-文庫(kù)吧
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【正文】 d the importance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was selfreliant and unselfish. It offered a fresh view of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.SignificanceA group of new writers apply transcendental ideas in their worksWeaknessTranscendentalism tended to bee mysticism.sometimes resulted in rampant individualismmake moral indignation an irrelevant emotion. Main writersRalph Waldo Emerson(超驗(yàn)主義領(lǐng)袖）Nature（標(biāo)志性之作）。The American Scholar論美國(guó)學(xué)者Henry David ThoreauWalden:informal,spontaneous and so easy. His sentences are concentrated and vigorous.美國(guó)浪漫主義后期High Romantics in fictionNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet letter紅字；The House of Sever Gables有七個(gè)尖角閣的房子Herman Melville MobyDick白鯨；Pierre皮埃爾High Romantics in poetry216。 Edgar Allen Poethe father of modern horror story and detective story Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪誕故事集；The Raven烏鴉 Literary theories (on poetry) Poetical principles Length: there is a distinct limit to all works of literary art—the limit of a single sitting. Province: Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem.Tone: Sadness is the tone of Beauty’s highest manifestation. Melancholy is the most legitimateof all the poetical tones. Death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth. Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, and declares that music is the perfection of the soul, or idea, of poetry.Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草葉集216。 Emily Dickinson Features of Dickinson’s poemsDickinson’s style is characteristic of frequent use of dashes, sporadic capitalization of nouns,convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing, offrhymes, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors, and aphoristic wit. Her poetry prepares for modern poetry in the 20th century. lyric. Her poems are remarkable for their variety, subtlety, and richness. brevity and intensity. unorthodox syntax and punctuation.innovation in rhyme. One the whole, her poetry is irregular in rhyme and rhythm. 美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)RealismHistorical backgroundImpact of the Civil War Changes in national economic life Concentration of wealth and power Polarization of the rich and the poor (This was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age” — an age of extremes: of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope.) Closing of the frontier Definitionbased on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. Realism as a literary movement refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the later part of the 19th century. Realism, as a broader term, is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing. Major features Realism reacts against Romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, imagination, a dreamy sense of wonder, idealism, faith in nature, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things. Realists claim that they seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences。 they do not seek abstract truth.Realists believe that literature imitates reality. They are attentive to such details as dialect, customs, and experiences that are monplace and “real”. Realists
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