【正文】 clude The Advancement of Learning, Written in English。 Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of ：第一類中最重要的作品有《學術的進展》（用英文著述）《新工具》（是《學術的進展》的拉丁文增補版） 33. One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human ：一種是通過神的啟示獲得的知識，另一種是通過人類用腦思考而獲得的知識。 34. According to Bacon, man?s understanding consists of three parts: history to man?s memory, poetry to man?s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man?s ，人類的認識與學問分為三部分：基于人類回憶的歷史學，基于人 類想象力創(chuàng)造力的詩歌與基于人類理性的哲學。 35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval ，并向中世紀的經(jīng)院哲學家們提出挑戰(zhàn)。 36. Bacon?s essays are famous for their brevity, pactness and ，緊湊，有力度而著名。 37. The essays are wellarranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and 大量使用了《圣經(jīng)》的典故，隱喻和基調(diào)。 38. Of Studies 論學習 “ Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.”讀書使人充實，討論使人機敏，寫作使人嚴謹。 培根 (V)John Donne 約翰 .鄧恩 39. The imagery is drawn from the actual 。 40. His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and ，展示了看上去零散多樣的經(jīng)歷與觀念，以及漫無邊際的情感與心境。 41. The Sons and Sons, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.《歌與短歌》是鄧恩最有名的詩集，囊括了他早期大多數(shù)愛情詩作。 42. In his gloomy poem “Farewell to love,” we can see his 《告別愛情》中，我們就可以感受到他對愛情幻想的破滅。 43. With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the 言，并貫穿于整首詩作。 (VI)John Milton 約翰 .彌爾頓 44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human 戰(zhàn)的思要點中英文對照版 第 4 頁，共 34 頁 想。 45. Milton?s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great ：早期詩作，中期的散文小冊子和后期的偉大詩作。 46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson 大詩作：《失樂園》《復樂園》和《力士參孫》。 47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the “Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full 題是人類的沉淪。在沉淪之中，亞當發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己身上的人性。 48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including 界，其中也包括罪惡。 49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of 基督自愿獻身開辟了道路，這也顯示出上帝欲將人類從罪惡與苦難中拯救出來的同情心。 50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton?s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own ，整首詩都強烈暗示著彌爾頓渴望他自己也能像參孫一樣，以生命為代價，與敵人同歸于盡。 51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose 正的革命精神和非凡 的詩歌才華。 52. Paradise Lost:人類由于理性不強，意志薄弱，經(jīng)不起考驗，暗示英國資產(chǎn)階級革命失敗的原因。 Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(16601798)新古典主義 1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of ，這一時期是矛盾與價值觀分歧的時期。 2. The eighteenthcentury England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of 也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代。 3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic 是用當代哲學與藝術思想的晨光啟迪整個世界。 4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and 。他們大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。 5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public ，當時的文學作品種充滿了說教與道德理念，就已經(jīng)成為大眾教育的良好工具。 6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel .德萊頓，亞歷山大 .蒲柏，約瑟夫 .艾迪森與理查 .斯蒂爾（這兩位是現(xiàn)代散文的先驅），喬納森 .斯威夫特，丹尼爾 .迪福，理查 .，亨利 .費爾丁和塞繆爾 .約翰遜。 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文學領域，啟蒙主義運動還使人們重新對古典時代的著作產(chǎn)生興趣。 8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to ，邏輯，確切及情感 控制的基礎上，而文學作品的價值評判標準應該看它是否為人文主義服務。 9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art ，充滿靈性的知識分子文學藝術發(fā)要點中英文對照版 第 5 頁，共 34 頁 展起來。 10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of ，新古典主義者們都設定了創(chuàng)作的規(guī)矩與條框。 11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines)。 the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed。 regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be （抑揚五音步的押韻雙行詩）寫就；時間，地點，事件三要素必須要遵循；寫作的規(guī)矩必須要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一類人，而不是個性化。 12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套話 )但新古典主義對英國文學史產(chǎn)生過持久的全面的影響。 13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have bee a permanent ，如秩序，優(yōu)美的格式，統(tǒng)一的結構，簡明的語言都成為永恒的文學傳統(tǒng)。 14. The mid18th century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary formthe modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the mon English ，還興起一種嶄新的文學形式 英國現(xiàn)代小說，這種文學與傳統(tǒng)貴族的騎士文學相反，著重描寫英國普通百姓的生活。 15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Gee Smollett, and Oliver .迪福，塞繆爾 .理查德，亨利 .費爾丁，勞倫斯 .斯泰思，托比亞斯 .斯摩萊特以及奧立弗 .哥爾斯密。 16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic. 從十八世紀中葉至十八世紀末，還出現(xiàn)了古典文學傳統(tǒng)向獨創(chuàng)性與豐富聯(lián)想性的轉移，社會描寫向個性描寫的轉移，說教向懺悔，鼓勵及預示的轉移。 17. Gothic novel