論本科學(xué)位論文寫(xiě)作規(guī)范-文庫(kù)吧
2025-03-29 01:49 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 lish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).引用同樣姓氏的不同作者假若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的作者有同樣的姓氏，則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)同時(shí)使用他們名字的首字母，如： Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).引用中文著作或期刊時(shí)同姓作者的情況較多，應(yīng)在括號(hào)夾注中使用他們名字的首字母加以區(qū)分，如： (. Wang 26) (. Wang 30)引用團(tuán)體作者引用團(tuán)體作者的作品，括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用團(tuán)體的名稱，如： It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).引用無(wú)作者文獻(xiàn)引用無(wú)作者文獻(xiàn)，如果文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在正文里，則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)使用該標(biāo)題或者（如果標(biāo)題過(guò)長(zhǎng)的話）使用該標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組。獨(dú)立出版物的標(biāo)題或者標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組用斜體標(biāo)出，出版物內(nèi)含的作品的名稱以及未出版的作品（講演、論文等）的標(biāo)題或者標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組用引號(hào)標(biāo)出。如： A presidential mission reported in 1970 that recent campus protests had focused on “racial injustice, war, and the university itself” (Report 3). A New York Times editorial called Ralph Ellison “a writer of universal reach” (“Death”). 在使用關(guān)鍵詞組時(shí)應(yīng)該選擇標(biāo)題開(kāi)始部分的詞組，如：Gloosary of terms Used in Heraldry 應(yīng)該縮略為Gloosary，而非Heraldry.引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)引用同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)時(shí)，在括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)加入文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞組，如：Lightenor has argued that puters are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (“HandEye Development” 17). 或者 Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “HandEye Development” 17). 或者Lightenor has argued that puters are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to puter games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “HandEye Development” 17). 引用不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)括號(hào)夾注可以包括不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)，文獻(xiàn)按作者姓氏的字母順序排列（注意分號(hào)的使用），如： The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40。 Seidensticker 114。 Williams 30).引用非直接文獻(xiàn)論文應(yīng)盡可能避免使用非直接文獻(xiàn)（即二級(jí)文獻(xiàn)secondary source），但在無(wú)法找到直接文獻(xiàn)（即一級(jí)文獻(xiàn)primary source）的情況下，引文可以從非直接文獻(xiàn)中析出，例如：Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 450).（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大寫(xiě)。）引用非直接文獻(xiàn)以后，在正文后參考文獻(xiàn)著錄中只需列入該非直接文獻(xiàn)的條目（即上述實(shí)例中的“Boswell”）。引用文學(xué)和宗教作品在引用劇本時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的幕、場(chǎng)、行，如： In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” ().這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自劇本第三幕第二場(chǎng)的21至23行。（注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。）在引用詩(shī)歌時(shí)應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的節(jié)、行，如：When Homer’s Odysseus es to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” ().這里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自詩(shī)歌第10節(jié)的209至211行。對(duì)不分節(jié)的詩(shī)第一次引用時(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō)明括號(hào)里標(biāo)的是行數(shù)，使用“l(fā)ine”，以后的引用則不需再說(shuō)明。例如： 第一次引用：(lines 58) 以后的引用：(1213) 在引用有章節(jié)、分冊(cè)的小說(shuō)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文所在的頁(yè)碼、冊(cè)數(shù)、章節(jié)，如：One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel plains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117。 bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自該書(shū)第二冊(cè)第十章的第117頁(yè)。（注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)和縮略語(yǔ)的使用。）在引用《圣經(jīng)》、《可蘭經(jīng)》等經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)標(biāo)出引文的篇、章、節(jié)，如：Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. ).例子里的括號(hào)夾注表示引文來(lái)自舊約《圣經(jīng)》的《箴言》篇第25章第21節(jié)?！妒ソ?jīng)》各篇的縮寫(xiě)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的寫(xiě)法，因而使用時(shí)應(yīng)該注意核對(duì)。直接引語(yǔ)的格式規(guī)范散文體的引語(yǔ)四行或四行以下的散文體的引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該寫(xiě)入正文，并且用雙引號(hào)標(biāo)明。單引號(hào)只允許用來(lái)標(biāo)注引語(yǔ)中的引語(yǔ)，否則不得使用。引語(yǔ)不得使用斜體或粗體來(lái)表示。如果引語(yǔ)超過(guò)了四行，則應(yīng)該另起一行，作為獨(dú)立的引語(yǔ)段。引語(yǔ)段的字體、行距與正文保持一致。引語(yǔ)段左邊均應(yīng)較正文縮進(jìn)10格的距離。如果引語(yǔ)段原為一自然段或一自然段的一部分，則首行不需要進(jìn)一步縮進(jìn)。如果引語(yǔ)段為兩個(gè)自然段或以上，每段首行還需要進(jìn)一步縮進(jìn)3格。引語(yǔ)段的段首和段尾不得使用引號(hào)。詩(shī)歌作為引語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌的一行或一行中的部分字句作為引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該寫(xiě)入正文，并且用雙引號(hào)標(biāo)明。同時(shí)引用兩行或三行詩(shī)歌也應(yīng)采取這樣的方法，在行與行之間用斜線隔開(kāi)。如：Reflecting on the “incident” in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there/ That’s all that I remember” (1112) 如果引語(yǔ)超過(guò)了三行，則應(yīng)該另起一行，作為獨(dú)立的引語(yǔ)段。引語(yǔ)段左邊應(yīng)較正文縮進(jìn)10格的距離。引語(yǔ)段的段首和段尾不得使用引號(hào)。(這里最好加一個(gè)例子)戲劇中的詞句作為引語(yǔ)如果引用戲劇中人物的對(duì)話，則應(yīng)該另起一行，作為獨(dú)立的引語(yǔ)段。每一位人物的對(duì)話應(yīng)以人物的姓名作為開(kāi)頭（大寫(xiě)），后面加上句號(hào)和空格，然后引用對(duì)話的內(nèi)容。人物對(duì)話如果一行不能結(jié)束，換行時(shí)需要進(jìn)一步縮進(jìn)3格。如：Marguerite Duras’s screenplay for Hiroshima mon amour suggests at the outset the profound difference between observation and experience: HE. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. Nothing. SHE I saw .[. . .] The hospital, for instance, I saw it. I’m sure I did. There is a hospital in Hiroshima. How could I help seeing it? HE. You did not see the hospital in Hiroshima. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. (250506) 引語(yǔ)中文字的增減為了使含直接引語(yǔ)的句子合乎語(yǔ)法，往往有必要對(duì)引語(yǔ)的文字作一定的更改。如果要?jiǎng)h除引語(yǔ)中個(gè)別詞句，可以用省略號(hào)“[. . .]”取代刪除的詞句。如果要加入或者更改個(gè)別單詞或者詞組，則可以將需要加入或者更改的單詞或詞組放在方括號(hào)“[ ]”以內(nèi)。如：In surveying various responses to plagues in th
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