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parking lot. c. be about to do 表示即刻要發(fā)生的事情,但是不能與確定的時間狀語連用: We are about to leave. 4)現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時表示 a. 動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去,但對現(xiàn)在有影響 。 b. 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 (可能還要繼續(xù)下去 )。 謂語動詞形式: has/ have + 過去分詞 例如: We have set up many new factories in this area. (表示動作發(fā)生在過去對現(xiàn)在有影響) I haven’t watched any television so far this week. ( so far 表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間的狀語,需用現(xiàn)在完成時) ※ 常與時間狀語 recently, so far, up to now, yet, lately, already 以及 for, since引出的短語。 ※ 在 It (This) is the first/second/third/…time that … 結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句中的謂語動詞需要用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如: It is the first time that I have heard about this famous scientist. 5)過去完成時 過去完成時表示過去的過去,過去某時刻以前發(fā)生和完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常用由by, before 等介詞或連詞引起的表示過去某一時間為止的時間狀語。或者在 thought, heard等動詞后的賓語從句,一般用過去完成時。 謂語動詞形式: had +過去分詞 例如: By the end of last term we had learned 1200 new words. ( by the end 與過去某一時間連用要用過去完成時) When I got to the cinema, the film had already started. The policeman stopped the driver and found that he had drunk alcohol. ※ 在 no sooner … than … hardly / scarcely … when … ( “一 … 就 …” )結(jié)構(gòu)中 ,前半部分用過去完成時,后半部分與一般過去時連用。 如: I had no sooner sat down than the telephone rang. 此外。該結(jié)構(gòu)若把 no sooner, hardly, scarcely 等詞放在句首,會引起部分倒裝,助動詞 had 放在主語的前面。例如: No sooner had I sat down than the telephone rang. 6) 將來完成時 將來完成時表示在未來某一時刻前已完成或發(fā)生的動作而對所說的將來時間點仍有影響。 謂語動詞形式: shall / will + have + 過去分詞 例如: I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 語態(tài) 語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式,它表示主語和謂語之間的行為關(guān)系。根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系,可將動詞分為兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。當(dāng)主語是動作的承受者的時候,句子用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞形式是 be + 過去分詞。其中 be 隨主語的人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的不同而變化,如果句子中已有情態(tài)動詞,謂語就用 be + 過去分詞。 被動語態(tài)的八種時態(tài): 一 般現(xiàn)在時: is done 一般過去時: was done 一般將來時: will be done 過去將來時: would be done 現(xiàn)在進行時: is being done 過去進行時: was being done 現(xiàn)在完成時: have been done 過去完成時: had been done 例如: You are offered a new job abroad. Many lives were lost in the earthquake. If you smoke in this nonsmoking area, you will be fined $ 50. The news is being reported on TV. He was being followed at that time. Measures have been taken to deal with the problem. The work had been finished before he arrived. 非謂語動詞 在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不 定式( the Infinitive);動名詞( the Gerund);現(xiàn)在分詞( the Present Participle);過去分詞( the Past Participle) 。 1)動詞不定式 常見形式 : 時態(tài)形式 主動形式 被動形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進行式 to be doing — 不定式的否定式:由 not 或 never 加不定式構(gòu)成的。 不定式的疑問式:由疑問詞加不定式構(gòu)成的。 基本用法: It is necessary to master a foreign language. (作主語 ) I can’t afford to buy a house. (作賓語 ) His wish is to bee a doctor. (作表語 ) He is looking for a place to live in. (作定語 ) Tom went to town to do shopping yesterday. (作狀語 ) ※ 感官動詞 feel, hear, see, watch, notice 和使役 動詞 make, let, have 等后的不定式作賓補時,不帶 to。 I hear him sing. (作賓補 ) His mother made him go to bed early. (作賓補 ) ※ 常見的帶動詞不定式作賓語的動詞 : want, manage, prefer, pretend, decide 等等 2)分詞:現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形 + ing 構(gòu)成,過去分詞由動詞原形 + ed構(gòu)成。以 write 為例,現(xiàn)在分詞的各種形式如下: 時態(tài)形式 主動 被動 一般式 writing having written 完成式 having written having been written 否定式:否定詞 not 加在現(xiàn)在分詞的前面 過去分詞只有一種,即 written 基本用法: The film was very boring. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語 ) He is a promising young man. (現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 ) They came out of the classroom laughing and chatting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 ) The bottle was broken. (過去分詞作表語 ) We need more qualified teacher. (過去分詞作定語 ) Faced with such a tough task, we must work harder. (過去分詞作狀語 ) ※ 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別: a. 現(xiàn)在分詞表主動意義,及物動詞的過去分詞表被動意義。如: the moving film 動人的電影, the moved girl 受感動的女孩 b. 現(xiàn)在分詞正在進行的動作,過去分詞往往表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。如: a developing country 發(fā)展中國家, a developed country 發(fā)達國家 ※ 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須同句中的主語為同一人或同一事。 例如: Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city. (正確 ) (Standing = When we stood, 現(xiàn)在分詞 standing的邏輯主語和主句的主語都是 we,都是同一個 ) Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen. (錯誤 ) (該句中現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是人,而主句的主語是事物 the whole city,不是同一個 ) 3)動名詞 構(gòu)成形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同。 ※ 動名詞的考點集中在作賓語的情況,動詞是否可以充當(dāng)動詞的賓語,完全取決于動詞的用法。常見的可以接動名詞做賓語的動詞有 suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, admit, enjoy, require, postpone, put off, delay, deny, fancy, escape, practice 等等。 例如: He avoided giving us a definite answer. The thief admitted entering the house. ※ 一些常見的帶 Ving的結(jié)構(gòu): have trouble doing something have difficulty doing something It is no use doing something It is no good doing something There’s no point (in) doing something It’s waste of time/ money doing something ※ 有些動詞接不定式或動名詞,含義上有很大的差異 , 主要有: fet, remember, regret, mean, try, want, need, require, go on。 ① fet to do sth. 忘記要做某事 fet doing sth. 忘記做過某事 ② remember to do sth. 記住要做某事 remember doing sth. 記住做過某事 ③ regret to do (要)做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事 ④ stop to do (一件事)去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 ⑤ mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味著 / 意思是 …… ⑥ try to do sth. 努力 / 企圖做某事 try doing sth. 嘗試做某事 ⑦ want/ need/ require to do sth. 要 /想做某事 want/ need/ require doing sth. 需要被 …… ⑧ go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做不同的事 go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做相同的事 例題: 1. The hotel, (build) 100 years ago, still looks new. 【正確答案】 built 【參考譯文】這個賓館雖然建于 100 年前,仍然看起來很新。 分析 :本題考查分詞 作狀語。本題中分詞短語在句中作讓步狀語,分詞與其邏輯主語之間構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系,因此動詞原形 build 應(yīng)變化成其過去分詞形式 built 表示被動關(guān)系。 2. I want (point out) that a decision about the matter must be made at once. 【正確答案】 to point out 【參考譯文】我想指出的是,關(guān)于這個問題必須立刻做出決定。 分析 :本題考查動詞不定式。根據(jù)本題的句意, want是表示“想要做某事” want to do sth., want 后面要接動詞的不定式。 3. Thank you for your letter of November 15, (invite) us to the trade fair on December 10. 【正確答案】 inviting 【參考譯文】謝謝你 11 月 15 日的來信,邀請我們參加 12 月 10 的交易會。 分析 :本題考查分詞作狀語。本題中的分詞是作伴隨狀語,進一步對信件內(nèi)容進行解釋說明,表示主動意義,因此,動詞原形 invite 變化成相應(yīng)地現(xiàn)在分詞 inviting。 4. My father is a sports fan and he enjoys (swim) very much. 【正確答案】 swimming 【參考譯文】我的父親是個體育迷,他很喜歡游泳。 分析: 本題考查動名詞作賓語的用法。在英語中有些動詞如 enjoy 等后面只能接動名詞作賓語。 虛擬語氣 虛擬語氣是 用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想,而不表示客