【正文】 以遭到拒絕是由于FOB合同的特殊性決定的。在FOB合同下買賣雙方的責(zé)任劃分十分明確——以貨物越過船舷為權(quán)責(zé)劃分點(diǎn)，賣方只要在裝運(yùn)港規(guī)定的時間、地點(diǎn)將規(guī)定的貨物裝在買方指派的船上，并提交符合規(guī)定的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)，就算完成交貨，這之前的一切風(fēng)險都由賣方來承擔(dān)，當(dāng)貨物越過船舷，風(fēng)險就轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。因此買方投保的保險只保其應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)的風(fēng)險，即貨物越過船舷后的風(fēng)險，此案例中貨物是在從賣方倉庫運(yùn)往裝運(yùn)碼頭期間發(fā)生了風(fēng)險損失，買方不負(fù)責(zé)任，因此買方投保的“倉至倉條款的一切險”不屬于保險公司的賠償條件?？梢哉f，在FOB合同下買方投保的“倉至倉條款”實(shí)際上是“船至倉條款”，保險公司只承保貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過船舷后的風(fēng)險損失。本案例中所涉及的風(fēng)險損失不在保險公司的承保范圍內(nèi)，保險公司對此不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。FOB合同下買方投保的“倉至倉條款”，保險公司實(shí)際承擔(dān)“船至倉”責(zé)任。買方為保障從賣方倉庫至碼頭期間的保險利益，必須向保險公司另行投買保險，如保險公司設(shè)的“賣方利益險”。我國進(jìn)口業(yè)務(wù)通常用FOB合同，對此要特別注意。另外CFR合同、FAS合同下的“倉至倉條款”也要注意。本案例中保險公司拒賠賣方，是因?yàn)閾p失發(fā)生時他雖然擁有保險利益，但他不是保險單的被保險人或合法的受讓人，無權(quán)向保險公司索賠。保險公司拒絕買方索賠是因?yàn)閾p失發(fā)生時，他對貨物不具備保險利益，雖然他也是保險單的被保險人和合法的持有人，但保險公司有權(quán)拒絕其索賠。保險公司只對其承保的責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的損失，向擁有保險利益的被保險人或保險單的合法持有人賠償損失，否則有權(quán)拒賠。案例30 不可抗力條款的爭議案案情分析本案雙方爭議的主要問題是“不可抗力”?！安豢煽沽Α蓖ǔＪ侵福涸诤贤炗喴院?，不是由于任何一方當(dāng)事人的過失，而是由于發(fā)生了當(dāng)事人所不能預(yù)見、也無法事先采取預(yù)防措施而避免的意外事故，以致本能履約或不能如期履約，遭受意外事故的一方可以免除其相應(yīng)的責(zé)任?！堵?lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》在免責(zé)一節(jié)中，也作了類似規(guī)定：“如果能證明此種不履行義務(wù)，是由于某種其他所能控制的障礙，而且對于這種障礙沒有理由預(yù)期他在訂立合同時能考慮到或能避免或克服它及它的后果?！薄安豢煽沽Α笔且环N有嚴(yán)格解釋的特定概念，即不能履約或不能如期履約，必須是由于某種非常的意外事故和某種非當(dāng)事人所能控制的障礙所造成，而當(dāng)事人對這種意外事故既是訂約時所不能預(yù)見，在意外事故發(fā)生之后，也是不能采取任何措施可避免或克服的。如果某種意外事故是當(dāng)事人訂約時就可以預(yù)見的，或者在意外事故發(fā)生后能采取措施加以克服和排除的，就不能構(gòu)成“不可抗力”。各國法律和實(shí)踐雖然對“不可抗力”作嚴(yán)格解釋，但一般都允許當(dāng)事人在合同中對不可抗力的范圍做出規(guī)定。關(guān)于不可抗力事故的范圍，根據(jù)國際貿(mào)易的慣例，一般包括兩種情況：一種是由于“自然力量”引起的自然災(zāi)害，如水災(zāi)火災(zāi)、颶風(fēng)、暴風(fēng)雨、地震等；另一種是由于“社會力量”引起的，如戰(zhàn)爭、罷工、政府禁令等。本案例所涉及的是自然災(zāi)害問題。我方公司提出，由于自然災(zāi)害致使其不能取得貨源如期履約，因此提出免除其不履約的責(zé)任。根據(jù)各國法律和國際貿(mào)易管理解釋，由于自然災(zāi)害致使農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品全部毀滅或減產(chǎn)，使合同全部或部分不能履行，有關(guān)當(dāng)事人根據(jù)不可抗力條款的規(guī)定提出證明是可以免除責(zé)任的。但應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，這種自然災(zāi)害成為阻礙履行合同的不可抗力，其影響程度必須是根本行的或全局行的，致使無法取得貨源。但有一種情況是例外的，即當(dāng)遭受某種自然災(zāi)害，但由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使人們有可能克服時，這一災(zāi)害仍不能構(gòu)成“不可抗力”。因此，當(dāng)事人如以不可抗力來免除自己的責(zé)任，不僅需對事實(shí)提出證明，而且還需對無法克服和無法預(yù)防所出現(xiàn)的自然災(zāi)害提出證明。我方公司所銷售的商品確因我國當(dāng)時遭受自然災(zāi)害受到一定的影響，但尚未影響到根本取不到貨源。當(dāng)時交不上貨，主要原因是由于供應(yīng)貨的工廠停止生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品，我方公司也就無法提供上述兩項(xiàng)證明，僅憑口頭說明是不能引用“不可抗力”條款而免除不交貨責(zé)任的。從本案例我們應(yīng)注意，在國際貨物買賣合同履行過程中，一定要遵守“重合同，守信用”的原則。在本案例中，貨物買賣是有嚴(yán)格的國際法律和國際慣例來約束的，不能只以自己的想當(dāng)然去處理。我方公司在貨源不足的情況下，要求延期交貨，澳方公司給予通融，表現(xiàn)出澳方公司的友好合作態(tài)度，我方公司應(yīng)珍惜這種合作關(guān)系。在第二年由于發(fā)生自然災(zāi)害和加工廠停產(chǎn)，致使我方公司不能交貨時，我方公司應(yīng)將實(shí)際情況告知澳方公司，在取得其諒解的前提下，協(xié)商處理問題，其結(jié)果肯定要比通過仲裁處理好。g an employment tribunal claimEmployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you don39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。tappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any pensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are plaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your pensation if you win the case. This is known as adamagesbased agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can39。t charge you more than 35% of your pensation if you win the case.If you are thinking about signing up for a damagesbased agreement, you should make sure you39。re clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by , click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islandsbased Webb, the head of Fifa39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。s 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me it39。s about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCity39。s 21 win.Michel Platini, president of European football39。s governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee39。s actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toure39。s plaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty