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ous aspects of supplier service delivery. The following outlines not only essential considerations, but also explains some of the tools that are currently available for lay users. Mine Seismology: UserFriendly Tools Some of the first MSWINDOWS based software codes for seismic data analysis on South African mines were developed between 1993 and 1998, A group of AngloGold (then Anglo American) specialists serving mines in its Vaal River Operations developed SEISDBS, which was intended for data base administration and data analysis of previously collected raw data. SEISDBS used data exported from ISS International seismic systems (van derMerwe, 1998). The other WINbased package originated from CSIRMiningtek for operation of their mercial PRISM system, a digital seismic system for mines developed together with Mamp。 Kijko (1994) discuss theoretical concepts of seismic failure mechanisms, source quantification and elastic wave propagation, on a level that exceeds the requirements for nonseismologists. 16 Seismic data interpretation process (adapted from Oakland, 2021): Inputs (left) and out puts (right)。 and the process core needs to be able to deter mine inputs (tools, methods, data, skills etc.) to enable provision of the required information. Feedback can be continuous or through a periodic, scheduled review process. Customers occupy the most important role and should be the ones to drive there view process. 2 Main Functions and Responsibilities A simplified model is introduced to describe main functions in the field of mine seismology. Then we focus on specific rock engineering issues that can be addressed with the aide of seismic data interpretation. We conclude with a description of administrative duties related to contract management and quality control. OSCAR B jectives – ystems The acronym OSCAR stands for O S– Collection – Analysis – Reduction。 interpretation Risk Reduction 18 Fig. 2 The OSCAR cycle: The major elements of applied mine seismology. The answer to question three is usually dictated by the needs of the larger mining operation: Degree of urgency, legal requirements and budgetary constraints may play a role. The formulation of objectives under consideration of financial and other constraints is then followed by seismic system design and installation. Seismic system A seismic system consists of a bination of work hardware and software that allows the collection of seismic data, data processing for basic event parameters, and the creation of data bases from his data. The design of a suitable system is there for edirectly linked to the aims of monitoring: Requirements such as spatial coverage, spatial/temporal resolution, choice of suitable sensors, and the quantification of various aspects of seismicity must enable the generation of seismic information to meet these objectives. Selection of the system will naturally involve system suppliers, but an understanding of the following topic sensures an independent and informed decision by the advising rock engineer: * Physics of oscillation * Wave types * Wave propagation * Interfaces * Network types * Sensor types* Methods of data transfer * Network performance criteria * Product costs * Limitations of methods Particular the last item, which refers to limitations of methods to record ground motion, invert for seismic source parameters (location in time and space, seismic energy release, seismic moment, local magnitude etc.) and subsequently assign a physical interpretation to these parameters, needs to be understood by everyone involved in system selection. Calculation of source parameters and event locations is generally based on idea lised conditions that are never truly met in nature (homogenous, elastic and isotropic medium). The consequence for system design is that each system configuration, in bination with system settings, results in a specific capability to record, process and store data. Design and configuration must therefore be adapted to local requirements as formulated in the monitoring objectives. Data collection Successful system installation is followed by data gathering, which prises recording, automatic and manual processing to derive source quantification, and storage. This is a specialised field that requires input from technicians, IT system administrators and system operators under guidance of a mine seismologist. A rock engineer typically requires little knowledge of the operation of such works other than that of key indicators which would enable her to perform a review function: * 19 System down time * Station down time * Ratio accepted/rejected events * Average repair time of units * Location accuracy * Sensitivity These variables allow an effective parison of the actual system performance with preset targets that need to be monitored over time. Knowledge of methods to determine location accuracy and work sensitivity is required. At times, rock engineers may be facilitating the munication and interaction between the seismic work operator and the mine’s engineering function. For instance, on local mines only mine employed electricians are authorised to work on the electrical infrastructure to ensure uninterrupted power supply to seismic stations. 20 附錄 2 中文譯文 礦業(yè)工程師必備的能力框架 礦山地震學 南非共和國 礦業(yè)顧問公司有限公司 摘要 : 近十年來,獻身于沙特礦業(yè)的礦業(yè)地震學家數(shù)量減少了。他們掌握了礦業(yè)地震學一定水平知識并能夠替代先前礦業(yè)地震學家的位子。從事實來看,一個深層次的影響會產生。這在技術上已經有要求的領域里又給他們的角色增加了管理職能。筆者這里介紹訓練課程和與那些略述的關于南非的礦業(yè)工程顧問和一些礦井的內容。 1996 年,南非金礦處理地震系統(tǒng)內有 24 名地震學家。礦山地震學家有廣泛的定義:不考慮背景和正規(guī)培訓,任何能夠專責管理地震系統(tǒng)和 /或分析和評價來自采礦作業(yè)的地震數(shù)據的人。 考慮到巖石工程的地震學部分,這個機構已經從地震信息能夠在部門里得到最佳運用以有利于礦山布線和支撐的設計。在美國,地震學被認為是地理學科的一部分。不是與巖石工程結合,礦山地震學家應該加 入礦山勘查,然后必要時提供支持。 2021 年中, AngloGold 公司 (現(xiàn) AngloGoldAshanti) 已