完全競爭市場行為概述-閱讀頁
2025-01-30 22:30本頁面
【正文】 rice is equal to marginal cost for all firms will society be on its productionpossibility frontier. 65 64 真實的世界 ? Perfect petition is rarely, if indeed ever, totally mirrored in reality. ? There are just too many restrictive assumptions to be met. ? When one or more of these assumptions fail, we get any one of a number of market failures ranging from imperfect petition (不完全競爭 ) and externalities (外部性 ) to the public goods (公共物品 ) problem. 65 65 外部性問題 ? Externalities include things like pollution (污染 ) and congestion (擁塞 ), and in the presence of externalities, government intervention (政府干預(yù) ) likewise (同樣地 ) may be warranted (使有正當理由 ). 65 66 完全競爭的兩大優(yōu)點 ? We’ve proven that a perfectly petitive market yields the most efficient use and allocation of resources – as embodied in productive and allocative efficiency. ? Yet still, there are several problems. 65 67 為什么研究完全競爭 ? ? Perfect petition gives us a benchmark (基準 ) against which to measure how our other three market structures perform: monopoly (壟斷 ), oligopoly (寡頭 ), and monopolistic petition (壟斷競爭 ). ? It also gives us appropriate guidance (指導(dǎo) ) as to when and how to intervene in the market to correct market failures as well as how to measure our success or failure at doing so. 65 68 公平問題 ? 市場競爭的結(jié)果可以是有效率的，但未必是公平的。 65 69 巨大的收入差異可以是有效的 ? In a world of perfect petition, the system of prices and markets may be one in which a few people have most of the ine and wealth, While the results can be a perfectly efficient oute. 65 70 什么樣的結(jié)果更公平 ? ? That is a normative (規(guī)范的 ) or prescriptive (說明性的 ) question, one that asks the question: “what should be?” ? Deciding such questions is more properly the domain (范圍 ) of politicians (政治家 ) and philosophers (哲學(xué)家 ) and voters at the ballot box (投票箱 ) or revolutionaries in the jungle (叢林 ). 65 71 實證經(jīng)濟學(xué) ? The more proper role of the economist is positive (實證的 ) or descriptive (描述的 ). ? Positive economics (實證經(jīng)濟學(xué) ) can offer great insights (洞察力 ) about how different types of government policies can affect the distribution of ine and consumption. ? Therefore, positive economic analysis is essential in many normative policy debates. End Of Lesson
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