完全競爭市場行為概述-在線瀏覽
2025-02-21 22:30本頁面
【正文】 制 ? 對于市場機制的重新認識； ? 產權制度的效率； ? 市場失靈問題； ? 政府對于經濟的干預。 Vilfredo Pareto 18481923 65 51 生產可能性邊界 ? An economy is clearly inefficient if it operates inside the PPF and no one need suffer a decline in utility by moving to the PPF. ? Therefore, at a minimum, an efficient economy is on its PPF. Butter U 65 52 Butter ? ? ? ? ? 生產可能性邊界 ? Noheless, allocative efficiency goes one step further and requires not only that the right mix of goods be produced but also that these goods be allocated among consumers to maximize consumer satisfaction. 65 53 競爭性均衡的效率 效率 生產的效率 配置的效率 資源配置效率 產品配置效率 65 54 完全競爭均衡時的效率 ? 完全競爭的長期均衡可以同時滿足：生產的效率和配置的效率（包括配置資源和配置產品）。 65 55 凈經濟所得 P* A B E O Q* P P 生產付出的總成本 (負效用 )為 AEQ*O面積，得到的總效用為 BEQ*O面積，凈經濟收益為 BEA面積。 MC = SS 65 56 眾多消費者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Person A Person B Industry P* 65 57 需求曲線反映社會的利益 ? 需求曲線反映了消費者的邊際效用。 65 58 眾多生產者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Firm A Firm B Industry P* 65 59 供給曲線反映了社會的成本 ? 供給曲線反映了生產者的邊際成本。 65 60 社會利益等與社會成本 ? The supply curve reflects the costs of production and therefore must reflect the social costs of producing the product. ? In a perfectly petitive market, equilibrium occurs where supply intersects demand so that social benefits equal social costs. 65 61 Marginal Cost = Marginal Benefit ? At this equilibrium point, the marginal cost of production exactly equals the marginal benefit or utility of consumption. ? We know this to be true because from consumer theory, we know that consumers choose purchases up to the point where price equals marginal utility. ? Therefore, MU or P must equal MC. 65 62 眾多市場的均衡 ? Utilitymaximizing consumers spread their dollars among different goods until the marginal utility of the last dollar is equalized for each good consumed. ? Then the MUs, which are equal to the Ps, will be equal to the MCs. 65 63 邊際成本定價的中心作用 ? Only when prices are equal to marginal costs is the economy squeezing (壓榨 ) the maximum output and satisfaction from its scarce resources (稀缺資源 ) of land, labor, and capital. ? Only when p
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