chapter10decisionmakingbyindividualsgroup：由個人與群體決策10章決策-閱讀頁
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【正文】 nonymity, honesty, amp。 Org. relationships Broad issues/ Impersonal amp。 1992 by Otto Kroeger and Ja M. Thuesen. Used by permission of Dell Publishing, a division of Random House. Inc. Influences on DecisionMaking Intuition fast, positive force in decision making utilized at a level below consciousness, involves learned patterns of information Creativity a process influenced by individual and anizational factors that results in the production of novel and useful ideas, products, or both Four Stages of Creative Process ? Preparation experience/ opportunity to build knowledge base ? Incubation reflective, often unconscious thought ? Illumination insight into problem ? Verification thinking, sharing, testing the decision Influences on Creativity ? Individual examples – Cognitive Processes ? Divergent Thinking ? Associational Abilities – Personality Factors ? breadth of interests ? high energy ? self confidence ? Organizational ex. – Flexible anization structure – Participative decisionmaking – Quality, supportive relationships with supervisors Organizations Can Facilitate Creative DecisionMaking ? Reward creativity ? Allow employees to fail ? Make work more fun ? Provide creativity training ? Vary work groups (internal/external) ? Encourage creative stimuli (music, art, etc.) Participative Decision Making ? Organizational Foundations – Participative, supportive anizational culture – Teamoriented work design ? Individual Prerequisites – Capability to bee psychologically involved in participative activities – Motivation to act autonomously – Capacity to see the relevance of participation for one’s own wellbeing Individuals who are affected by decisions influence the making of those decisions Two Brains, Two Cognitive Styles Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Verbal Sequential, temporal, digital Logical, analytic Rational Western thought Nonverbal, visuospatial Simultaneous, spatial, analogical Gestalt, synthetic Intuitive Eastern thought Ideal = “brainlateralized” making use of either or both sides, depending on situation From Left Brain, Right Brain by Springer and Deutsch 169。 mitment due to voice in decisions 3) greater under standing due to involvement in decision stages 1) pressure in groups to conform 2) domination by one forceful member or dominant clique 3) amount of time required, because group is slower than individual to make a decision Advantages Disadvantages Group Phenomenon Groupthink a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from ingroup pressures Group polarization the tendency for group discussion to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members Group Decision Techniques SelfManaged Teams Dialectical Inquiry Brainstorming Devil’s Advocacy Delphi Technique Nominal Group Technique Quality Circles a
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