【正文】 gineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have “ bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. 天津職業(yè)大學(xué) 29 During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be pared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy talk, since there is really no average person for which cerain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which shoule be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to municate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their acplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, of supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done susscessfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of munication available to us. these are the written, the oral, and versatie in any one of these forms of munication. A technically petent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever knon how petent that person is! The petent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to acpany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned form a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To municate effectively, the following questions must be answered: (1) Dose the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be petitive with existing products of rival panies? (3) Is it economical to produce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with 天津職業(yè)大學(xué) 30 initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must municate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. there is always a better way to do it and the designer should consitantly strive towards finding that better way. 翻譯： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介 人類需求為目的，制造新的或改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的科學(xué)和技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。 執(zhí)行機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的各種功能的人被通常稱為設(shè)計(jì)師或設(shè)計(jì)工程師。然而，除了是創(chuàng)新，設(shè)計(jì)工程師還必須有一個(gè)在機(jī)械繪畫，運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)，動(dòng)力學(xué)，材料和制造工藝等多方面的堅(jiān)實(shí)背景。發(fā)明，發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學(xué)知識(shí)本身并不一定造福人民，除非包含從他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品中獲得有益的東西。 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)被視為是一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，利用創(chuàng)新人才設(shè)想一個(gè)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，分析系統(tǒng)，然后根據(jù)聲音去判斷怎樣制造該產(chǎn)品。有沒有事實(shí)或方程式可以單獨(dú)用來提供所有的正確觀點(diǎn)和需要去產(chǎn)生良好的設(shè)計(jì)。例如，如果小數(shù)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)位，一個(gè)可接受的設(shè)計(jì)是不可能 正常工作。因此，設(shè)計(jì)者必須要有耐心，因?yàn)闆]有時(shí)間和精力的保證是不會(huì)獲得成功的。這并不容易，因?yàn)樵S多人堅(jiān)持熟悉的思想，技術(shù)和態(tài)度。 新的設(shè)計(jì)通常有 “漏洞 ”或不可預(yù)見的問題，必須在此之前發(fā)揮新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)良特性。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)不保證完全執(zhí)行新方法，這種方法不能僅僅因?yàn)楦淖兌鴮?shí)用。盡管許多不切實(shí)際的想法可能因?yàn)橹圃鞓I(yè)而出現(xiàn)。很多時(shí)候，一個(gè)以上的設(shè)計(jì)，開發(fā)，在他們那里可以相互比較。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)搰L試開發(fā)適應(yīng)人們的機(jī)器。這不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的交談，因?yàn)橐话闳耸钦娴臎]有為其操作層天津職業(yè)大學(xué) 31 面和程序優(yōu)化貢獻(xiàn) 。傳達(dá)給 其他人是設(shè)計(jì)中最關(guān)鍵的一步。演講是一個(gè)銷售的工作。除非可以保證成功，否則在時(shí)間和獲取解決方案的努力已經(jīng)在很大程度上是浪費(fèi)。這些都是書面，口頭，和其他任何的交流方式之一。如果在所有三種形式的能力較差，沒有人會(huì)知道有多 么能干的人！ 主管工程師不應(yīng)該因?yàn)檠菔疚母逯械某晒Φ目赡苄远ε?。一個(gè)偉大的交易可能會(huì)有失敗的教訓(xùn)，而最大的收獲將由那些愿意冒險(xiǎn)的人失敗獲得。有效溝通，以下問題必須回答： （ 1）劑 量的設(shè)計(jì)真正為人類的需要？ （ 2）將它與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手公司現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力？ （ 3）是否經(jīng)濟(jì)地生產(chǎn)？ （ 4）可它很容易維護(hù)？ （ 5）將它出售，從中獲利？ 只有時(shí)間才能提供真正的答案，對(duì)上述問題，但產(chǎn)品應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)，制造和銷售，最初只是肯定的答案。 很多時(shí)候，一個(gè)問題會(huì)發(fā)生在制造周期。這些必須由設(shè)計(jì)工程師執(zhí)行，使產(chǎn)品的功能不會(huì)受到影響。這些現(xiàn)實(shí)只是證實(shí)了一個(gè)事實(shí)，即設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)生活的過程。