【正文】 inly used in advertisements. The schoolmaster misunderstood the meaning of . as a wayside chapel.In America, instead of ., restroom is the most widely used to mean a toilet in a public building, and bathroom is used to mean a toilet in the private house. In Australia, either . or toilet is in mon use to mean the toilet in a public building or in a private house.Case 2 A Misunderstanding at the Dinner TableExplanationIt can be inferred from the anecdote that cultural differences may lead to misunderstanding in intercultural munication. When Roger said “It’s very unusual, and interesting”, he meant he didn’t like the food. The words “unusual” and “interesting” sounded positive to Li Zhang, and it was not exactly what Roger meant. The words “unusual” and “interesting” sound positive in China, but they both mean something less than positive in America. Americans use the words like “unusual” and “interesting” as a tactful response to something they don’t understand or don’t like.This case raises several cultural differences.A few words are needed about “interesting” and “unusual”. Americans use these terms as a tactful response to something they don’t understand or don’t like. By describing something they dislike as “interesting”, they feel they are not lying as they would if they said they liked it and they hope to avoid hurting the other person’s feelings.Americans generally have limited experience with foreign foods. The range of foods, especially offal, in grocery stores and restaurants is generally limited. Organ meats, especially, are no longer very mon. This may be because their taste is often strong, or because they look “gruesome”. With a plentiful supply of familiar foods, Americans usually don’t feel the need or have the interest in being adventurous with their diet.Placing food on someone else’s plate when they have said they didn’t want to try it is considered rude and disrespectful. This would be true whether the setting is a restaurant or at home. Americans usually are not shy about accepting an offer of food if they like it. If they decline, they really mean it.Styles of eating – for example the use of chopsticks versus knife and fork – can often lead to awkward situations. Roger had very little experience with chopsticks. He had even less experience in extracting food from a bone with just his lips and teeth without holding the food with his hands. He had to resort to using hands.Westerners eat many foods with their fingers. Bacon, French fries, pizza, ribs, chicken legs and wings, and breads are all generally considered to be finger food. As a result, licking one’s fingers while eating “finger food” is considered acceptable. Indeed, it can be taken as a sign that the food is very tasty and thus may be seen as a pliment! In America, the popular chicken restaurant, Kentucky Fried Chicken, even advertises its food as “fingerlicking good”.Case 3 Was She Always Lying?ExplanationIn China, modesty is shown in various ways such as selfbelittling which is regarded as a virtue in daily life. Boasting or even factbased positive remarks about oneself is interpreted as bad manner and not encouraged in social settings. Thus Ms Zhang’s selfevaluation well fits in the Chinese culture context but definitely not the German one. In Germany, people normally make judgments based on facts, otherwise they might regard it as a lie or dishonesty as Ms Zhang’s remark indicates. Both of them need to learn what guides their behaviors and how the judgments are made in their cultures respectively. They should follow the same social rules as the host culture has in order to well adapt to the new culture.UNIT 4 Nonverbal CommunicationPart Three ExercisesSection A Culture Quiz1. Ten surprising ways may offend people from the different cultures:A) A thumbup gesture isn’t always friendly.B) When someone in Japan gives you their business card, don’t put it in your pocket.C) Making a pliment like “I love your couch” in Arab and African nations may cause embarrassment.D) When drinking in Japan, it is impolite to fill your own glass.E) In Muslim countries and India, it is very rude to use your left hand to eat.F) When you’re going to a dinner party in Argentina, it’s a sign of greed to be punctual.G) Slurping your soup is considered impolite in Western cultures.H) In Korea, smiling at a stranger is an indication that you think they’re stupid.I) The “okay sign” is very rude in Brazil and Turkey.G) Don’t beckon someone with your finger in the Philippines.2. Explanation:1) Black is the color of mourning in many cultures. Here the elderly woman by dressing entirely in black wants to express her mourning for the dead.2) It is quite normal for a young man to dress entirely in black, for black is the popular color in fashion design.3) An adult pats a child’s head because he/she wants to show love for the child.4) The student is greeting someone to e over and to sit together with him.5) It is quite abnormal for two men to kiss in public. They are probably homosexual.6) It is quite normal for two young ladies to walk hand in hand in the street in some countries, especially in China, for they want to show that they are close friends. Section C Cultural PracticeEmail 1 In the Brazilian culture, if you are single you are expected to kiss each person you are introduced to three times. This indicates you are not married. Jessica kissed Rodrigo only twice, which was a signal to Rodrigo that she was married. Married women/men only greet people with two kisses. Tell Jessica how customs and cultural cues may affect munication. Email 2 She did not take into account that physical contact between the Chinese is not accepted, especially in public. She had embarrassed her instructors by hugging them and placed them in an awkward position. Her gesture (touching the instructors) was very inappropriate. Although in the . hugs are