【正文】 e to receive anybody in her flat. 2) In this dialogue, the guest tacitly declines the host’s suggestion for a drink by claiming that they don’t drink. Here the guest has flouted the maxim of Relevance. Instead of directly (and also impolitely) refuses the host’s suggestion, the guest says that they have not the ability to drink and thus politely turns down the host’s offer of a drink of cocktail.3) In this conversation, Mother has flouted the maxim of Manner. Instead of directly criticizing the son for having eaten the icing off the cake, she uses the obscure expression “someone” so as not to threaten the son’s positive face. This conversational implicature is grasped by the son, who immediately declares “It wasn’t ME.”4) In this dialogue, B at first responds to A’s question directly. Then B realizes that it is impolite to talk evil of others behind their backs. So B flouts the maxim of Quantity by gradually softening the ment (“small” 224。 “not really small but certainly not very big”).Ex2. 1) Generally speaking, the less facethreatening an expression is, the more polite it is. Among the three alternative responses given here, (b) is negative and thus the most facethreatening, (c) is neutral and less facethreatening, and (a) is positive and thus the least facethreatening. Therefore, the increasing order of politeness of the three alternative responses is: (b) (c) (a). 2) Generally speaking, the more indirect a request is, the more polite it is. Among the three alternative responses given here, (b) is an imperative sentence and expresses the request most directly, (c) is a question inquiring the addressee’s response to the intended request and is more indirect than (b), whereas (a) is a question inquiring the addressee’s ability to perform the intended request and is the most indirect. Therefore, the three alternative responses can be put in the following increasing order of politeness: (b) (c) (a). Presupposition and the Structure of Spoken Text Presupposition, pg181 Ex1. Among the five utterances, (b), (c) and (d) contain the presupposition “The dog barked at the shadow”. These three utterances have one thing in mon — they all presuppose that the dog barked at the shadow. In other words, the truth value of the three utterances is dependent on the truth value of the presupposition. If the presupposition is true, then the three utterances are true. If the presupposition is false, then the three utterances are false. In contrast, in (a) and (e), the truth value of the statement “The dog barked at the shadow” is uncertain. In other words, we do not know for sure from the two utterances whether the dog barked at the shadow or not.Ex2. a) This utterance presupposes that “You have been eaten raw oysters”. The presupposition trigger is the verb “stop”. b) This utterance presupposes that “Little Franz had not studied French better before”. The presupposition trigger is the verb “regretted”. c) This utterance presupposes that “Catherine does not know anything about this event”. The presupposition trigger is the verb “pretends”. d) This utterance presupposes that “Mark Twain found the best setting for most of his best novels in the Mississippi valley”. The presupposition trigger is the emphatic construction “It was … that …”. e) This utterance presupposes that “You have helped us in the experiment”. The presupposition trigger is the verb “appreciate”. Exchange and Adjacency PairOmitted Cohesion, pg 185, (Definition) ReferenceOmitted Substitution and Ellipsis, pg 188 (Definition) Conjunction, pg 192 (Definition) Lexical Cohesion, Omitted Thematic Structure and Information Unit Theme and Rheme, pg198 , 200 (Definition and example) Ex. On pg 200“you” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“there” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“Trees, forced by the damp heat” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“Whether they e or not” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“Getting the car on the boat” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“It …getting the car on the boat” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“Is” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme.“Only once” is the theme, and the rest of the sentence is the rheme. Given and NewOmittedChapter 7 Language and Social Culture Language Varieties Dialect, pg 204 (Definition) and pg208Ex2. Sociolinguistic studies have revealed that women speakers of English speak more or less differently than their male counterparts. Female speech lacks the assertive tone of male speech. Women tend to use more rising intonations. They may seek permission by doing this. Women use more tag questions and reverse accents than men. They make a heavier use of the inconclusive intensifiers so and such. Women are more careful to follow prescriptive rules of grammar. Moreover, women’s speech shows a more refined perception in certain areas. Women are said to have a color vocabulary that contains items such as azure and turquoise.Ex3. Yes. Young people are likely to borrow some words originally used in the technical field, like the young may have used the word cool, formerly a word from the Internet. Young people are likely to invent new use of vocabulary and slang words. Aged speakers may be more conscious of their social class by using language to fashion themselves as different from young people. Most of the aged speakers may keep many of their old dialects with them, and some may stick to the prescriptive use of language in order to preserve the tradition, or simply to gain respect. Many old speakers resist the innovation expressions and language change. Register, pg 209Ex1. Dialect is a variety of language which differs grammatically, phonologically and lexically from other varieties, and which is associated with a particular geographical area and/or with