【正文】 er literary interests，　另一個(gè)是以that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修飾an aspect的。第二處在and之后，由于concerned with與前面的concerned with重復(fù)，所以concerned被省略。這是文學(xué)市評(píng)論題材的文章的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5）抽象詞、抽象詞組、比喻就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達(dá)的那樣，“盡管可以毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的說(shuō)，沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái)，也沒(méi)有任何高樓大廈被建立起來(lái)是因?yàn)閱疼耪f(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書(shū)的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德”這句話不但用了詞抽象，還用了比喻的修辭手法。As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote 。解釋：本句中修飾成分極多，以分詞修飾和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主，作各種類型的狀語(yǔ)。 本句的另外一個(gè)特征是其中充斥著專有名詞。但是請(qǐng)記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現(xiàn)了這種專有名詞，出題者是一定會(huì)在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞，應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂。 解釋：本句中插入語(yǔ)的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半個(gè)分句中的主語(yǔ)that slaves39。意群訓(xùn)練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.7. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說(shuō)、音樂(lè)、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的部分是修飾前面的black heritage的同位語(yǔ)。 解釋：本句有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.9. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic petition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞譯文：該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見(jiàn)所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見(jiàn)，而該群體在任何特定的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語(yǔ)義難以理解，對(duì)讀者的詞匯功底要求較高。意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic petition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.10. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any　　possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來(lái)與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖?。再加上以such as 為中心的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)距離系動(dòng)詞remain太遠(yuǎn)，更增加了本句的難度。 however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通過(guò)其他方法來(lái)證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來(lái)卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。其形容詞的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。 however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.12. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as mon currency throughout the nervous system. （4） 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來(lái)都沒(méi)有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過(guò)，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過(guò)反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來(lái)熟悉這樣的英語(yǔ)。但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對(duì)考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，則雙重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解為agree， 不反對(duì)者中，的確有人會(huì)同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。綜上所述，對(duì)雙重否定的句子，簡(jiǎn)單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。運(yùn)用前面所說(shuō)的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個(gè)分句中想說(shuō)前面的那種觀點(diǎn)被反對(duì)了。意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the oppsiting view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as mon currency throught the nervous system13. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，　　arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 ） 盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來(lái)比起微小的差異更為令人注目。在后面的分句中，主語(yǔ)the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語(yǔ)的成分較長(zhǎng)、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠(yuǎn)的more remarkable than時(shí)一下子反應(yīng)不過(guò)來(lái)是什么比后者更明顯。意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.14. Although some experiments show that，as an object bees familiar，its internal　representation bees more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎