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溫度 顏色 國籍 產(chǎn)地 材料 質地 名詞 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3) 復合形容詞的構成: 1 形容詞 +名詞 +ed kindhearted 6 名詞 +形容詞 worldfamous 2 形容詞 +形容詞 darkblue 7 名詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 peaceloving 3 形容詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 ordinarylooking 8 名詞 +過去分詞 snowcovered 4 副詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking 9 數(shù)詞 +名詞 +ed threeegged 5 副詞 +過去分詞 newlybuilt 10 數(shù)詞 +名詞 twentyyear II. 副詞 副詞的分類: 1 時間副詞 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 頻度副詞 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地點副詞 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑問副詞 how, where, when, why 3 方式副詞 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 連接副詞 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副詞 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 關系副詞 when, where, why III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級: 形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級,比較級和最高級。 1. 同級比較時常常用 as…as… 以及 not so(as)…as… 如: I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有: much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。如: The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比較級來表達最高級的意思。如: favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。簡言之,利用過去,說明現(xiàn)在。簡言之,僅談過去,不關現(xiàn)在。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。固定 結構 be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時,只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。如: It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that … 下面主動形式常表示被動意義:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài): leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七.情態(tài)動詞 I. 情態(tài)動詞基本用法: 情態(tài)動詞 用法 否定式 疑問式與簡答 can 能力(體力,智力,技能) 允許或許可(口語中常用) 可能性(表猜測,用于否定句或疑問句中) can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t. could couldn’t do may 可以(問句中表示請求) 可能,或許(表推測) 祝愿(用于倒裝句中) may not do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必須,應該(表主觀要求) 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推測) must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. have to 只好,不得不(客觀的必須,有時態(tài)人稱 變化) don’t have to do Do…h(huán)ave to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to 應當(表示義務責任,口語中多用 should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. shall 將要,會 用于一三人稱征求對方意見 用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. 脅等 should 應當,應該(表義務責任) 本該(含有責備意味) should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…? will 意愿,決心 請求,建 議,用在問句中 would比較委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. would would not/wouldn’t do dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑問句中) dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. need 需要 必須(常用于否定句和疑問句中) need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used to 過去常常(現(xiàn)在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情態(tài)動詞 must, may, might, could, can表示推測: 以 must為例。 1. must“肯定,一定”語氣強,只用于肯定句中??捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň洹? The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there。但 be able to可以表達“某事終于成功”,而 can無法表達此意。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。 3. need和 dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別: 兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為: need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八.非謂語動詞 I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成: 非謂語形式 構成 特征和作用 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 否定式 復合結構 不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非謂語前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞,副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing having done being done having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語 過去分詞 done 動名詞 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定和表語 II. 做 賓語的非謂語動詞比較: 情況 常用動詞 只接不定式做賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為) need, want, require(接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義,若接不定式則應用被動形式) 意義相反 stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 意義不同 remember/fet/regret to do(指動作尚未發(fā)生) remember/fet/regret doing(指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生) go on to do(接著做另外一件事) go on doing(接著做同一件事) try to do(設法,努力去做,盡力) try doing(試試去做,看有何結果) mean to do(打算做,企圖做) mean doing (意識是,意味著) can’t help to do(不能幫忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做) : 常見動詞 與賓語的邏輯關系及時間概念 例句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關系。強調動作正在進行,尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 過去分詞 動賓關系。做表語有時可和主語交換位置,而且意義不變,并且還能用 what來提問主語或表語。 It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. 分詞 無名詞的性質,不能做主語。 現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人 … ”之意,說明主語的性質特征,多表示主動,主語多為物。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常見分詞有 astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其 ed形式 ) 九.定語從句 I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。