【正文】 此資料來自企業(yè) 20. ［ A］ latent ［ B］ intact ［ C］ odd ［ D］ key Section ⅡReading Com prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Part of the scientific faith of the late nieenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method,argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science,was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any method was easily described:collect the facts in the area under study。then,write down the laws so to this view,disciplines differed only as to subject matter,since the unity of science consisted of its method ,according to this view,the results of scientific investigation(that 沖刺 is,new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study. Explanation,according to this view,is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws,or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl GHempel s,perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article“ Explanation in Science and History.” Sometimes,according to Hempel,such laws are of a strictly universal form and other times they are of a probabilistic or statistical are assertions,in this latter case,of the kind that if certain specified conditions are realized then an occurrence of such and such a kind will e about with such and such a probability. I think that it would be true to say that in the late nieenth century it was felt that one feature distinguishing physics from history as a 此資料來自企業(yè) discipline was that,even if they shared exactly the same method,physics had no need for the latter kind of probabilistic explanation— at least in principle— while in history it was unavoidable. However,in the twentieth century,whatever else may distinguish physics and history as disciplines it is not that physics uses only strictly universal laws and deductive explanations in the nieenth century sense,while history does physics of this century,from 1900 onward,has been interested in aggregates（集 成體） of certain classes of physical individuals(the particles)and in accounts of the individuals that would enable one to understand the a consequence partly of this (necessary)interest in statistical data pertaining to the very small,as well as for a number of other reasons,physicists have tended to formulate the mechanics of the very small in terms of equations in which probabilistic notions are fundamental. 21. According to Karl Pearson,only one scientific method ［ A］ prevailed in every field of study during 1890 s. ［ B］ directed the collection and arrangement of facts. ［ C］ served as a unique element uniting all disciplines. ［ D］ made the identification of new knowledge plausible. 22 As stated by Hempel,general laws are ［ A］ based on detailed accounts of actual facts. ［ B］ posed of subordinate laws by deduction. ［ C］ realized in probabilistic or statistic form. ［ D］ applied to all cases or under certain conditions. author feels sure of the truth that in 19th century ［ A］ physics and history shared a mon feature. ［ B］ the same method blended history with physics. ［ C］ statistical laws were patible with physics. 此資料來自企業(yè) ［ D］ probabilistic method was inapplicable to history. the 20th century,it was true that ［ A］ universal laws ceased to belong merely to physics. ［ B］ deductive explanations became dominant in history. ［ C］ distinction between history and physics turned obscure. ［ D］ statistical explanations were adopted by physicists. the study of physical particles, ［ A］ statistical information accounts for the interest in aggregates. ［ B］ probabilistic conceptions result from their formulation. ［ C］ description of their mechanics is based on statistical data. ［ D］ physical equations are accountable for probabilistic ideas. Text 2 Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. It was probably the first metal to be mined because it is beautiful and imperishable (which will always exist or cannot wear out), and because beautiful objects can be made from it— even with primitive tools. The amount of gold known to ancient peoples probably totaled not much more than the amount produced each year by the world s largest gold mine located in the Witwatersrand district of South Africa. Stores of gold discovered by archaeologists in Greece, Scythia, and Egypt, as well as the gold from Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru, represented years of patient collection of small quantities from streams and veins (礦脈 ), often by slave labor. The essential value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage. It remains the only universally recognized standard of value in international moary exchange. Most of the world’s refined gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper currency. But the amount of gold used in arts and in industry is increasing. In addition to its use for jewelry, decorative finishes, and dentistry, i