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r “clearly erroneous” or “substantial evidence” standards. This paper argues that, if the courts are inclined to persist in more intense review of nonobviousness, two other matters need to be considered: First, whether more liberal review should be extended to all questions concerning patent validity, and, second, whether such review should be conducted under a “constitutional fact” doctrine. 這絕不是說專利的非顯而易見性 裁定應(yīng)作為法律問題 來 對待。 On remand, the CAFC should attempt to relate the issue to the scope of review for other issues that arise in patent appeals. Neither the narrow nor the broad problem has ever received the attention it deserves — particularly from the standpoint of the fundamental law/fact dichotomy. 在發(fā)回重審時(shí) , 聯(lián)邦巡回法院應(yīng)該嘗試在專利上訴時(shí)聯(lián)系它的 復(fù)審 范圍 。Law and Fact in Patent Litigation: Form versus Function* 法律和事實(shí)在專利訴訟中是形式還是功能 Thomas G. Field, Jr. Introduction Recently, the Supreme Court sent Dennison Mfg. v. Panduit Corp. back to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC). It remanded with explicit directions that the lower court consider the extent to which Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a) governs appellate review of nonobviousness determinations. 介紹: 最近,最高法院駁回了 丹尼森 ( CAFC)。 它的駁回帶有鮮明的特征 ,即在 考慮了 《 美國聯(lián)邦民法 》 第 52 頁中所規(guī)定的 審查基層法院上訴的非顯而易見的程度后才發(fā)回重審。 但是 無論是狹義還是廣義的問題 都沒有得到它應(yīng)有的重視 —— 特別是基本的法律 / 事實(shí)二分法上的觀點(diǎn)。然而, 現(xiàn)在有充分證據(jù)說明 法院 將更嚴(yán)格地審查這些帶有明顯錯(cuò)誤或者充足證據(jù)這么一個(gè)層次的審判結(jié)果 。 The former would address apparent inconsistencies in the current law, and the latter would allow appellate courts an expanded role (function) without unduly confusing terminology (form). 前者將解決現(xiàn)行法律明顯不一致,而后者則允許上訴法院的一個(gè)更大的作用(功能 ) ,而不會(huì) 出現(xiàn) 過度混亂的專業(yè)術(shù)語 (形式 )。 103 condition... lends itself to several basic factual inquiries.” 最直接相關(guān)的專利訴訟的先例中的上訴審查是比較模糊的?!? However, what that sentence means is unclear。如下所示,沒有對這些事項(xiàng)的分析,它是很難確定專利是否有效的問題比專利的非顯而易見性的問題更應(yīng)被視為“法律”或在任何情況下應(yīng)該提供的什么樣的待遇。 While much has been written on the law/fact dichotomy, a brief overview is in order. The terms, “l(fā)aw” and “fact” are used several ways, and it is necessary to define them in the present context. Approached that way, the term, “fact,” is more precisely called “adjudicative fact,” and the most accurate definition is operational. In short, a question of adjudicative fact is one of the kind traditionally regarded as appropriate for juries. Conversely, a question of “l(fā)aw” is anything that remains — including questions of “l(fā)egislative” fact, the latter being used, even by courts, in conjunction with values, to evolve general rules. 盡管 很多案例已經(jīng)被寫進(jìn)了法律 /事實(shí) 二分法,下面就來一個(gè)簡單的介紹。 專業(yè)術(shù)語“事實(shí)”,更精確地 應(yīng)該被 稱為“裁決的事實(shí)”, 而這個(gè) 最準(zhǔn)確的定義具有可操作性。相反, “法律”問題 則是被遺留的問題 —— 包括“立法”事實(shí)問題,它甚至被法院使用并與 價(jià)值相結(jié)合后,演變成 一般規(guī)則。一般見,例如, B. Schwartz 行政法, 16 卷 213 頁 ( 1984 年 第二版 )。 然而,即使如此,在操作上它就 定義 為 :如果一個(gè) 事件被充分地記錄了 但是合理的分析又不能將 它 辨別,那么只有 法官有 最終控制權(quán),而不是陪審團(tuán)。 Indeed, this is inherent in rights to jury trials。雖然上訴法院可能是法律問題的最終仲裁者,但是為了表示特殊的敬意,法院通常會(huì)在有大量充足的證據(jù)情況下的將事實(shí)案件妥善地交給陪審團(tuán)。 For somewhat different reasons, deference to fact finding is also extended, as in Dennison, to bench trials. There “clearly erroneous” review applies. That standard is less deferential, but the Supreme Court demonstrated in Dennison, and more so in Inwood Laboratories more than token deference is required. 該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不那么恭敬,但最高法院在 Dennison 案件表現(xiàn)出來的,以及在 Inwood 實(shí)驗(yàn)室案件中說明超過象征 性的尊重是必需的。后者有時(shí)不被給予尊重。 更加積極地 分享實(shí)況調(diào)查功能往往會(huì)破壞在當(dāng)事人的心目中的區(qū)法院的合法性,一些事實(shí)問題的上訴重審 案件將會(huì)速度增加,司法權(quán)威將會(huì) 不必要的重新分配。事實(shí)上 ,最高法院認(rèn)為正是在 Bose公司訴美國消費(fèi)者聯(lián)盟案件, 雖然決定 有關(guān)于 言論 自由 和 詆毀產(chǎn)品,而不是專利,適度延伸審查范圍 會(huì)對后者產(chǎn)生重大影響。一位評論家認(rèn)為,法院的自由裁量難以限制的第一修正案。 Consider whether findings that deal