【正文】 h 1997. A storm celland structures induces a charge on the surface of the earth prod ectlng The charged area varies in from the si ze from surface under the cell. 15 to 150 sq km, whichis much larger than a direct strike zone. The risk of secondary effects related fire is direct strike. After the nearby far higher than the risk of a strike, a wellgrounded tankwill still take on the storm cell induced charge, but it releases the charge faster. The rim seal of a floating roof tank is the most likely place to be ignited in a thunderstorm. Most rim seal fires were extinguished in a few hours, but a 1989 lightning strike in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania led to a 360 0 rim seal fire around an 80,000 barrels external floating roof storage tank containing crude oil that lasted for five days (Persson and Lonnermark, 2021). A rim fire on a Singapore storage tank in 1991 escalated to a full surface and bund fire. Tight sealing to prevent the escape of liquids or vapors is definitely necessary for storage safety. Vent valve is also a likely place to be ignited. Flame arrestor should be installed. The existing lightning protection standards for the petroleum industry provide little help. The conventional radioactive lightning protection installed on a Nigerian 670,000barrel crude oil tank did not prevent the tank fromthe lightning strike in 1990 (Carpenter, 1996). The National Fire Protection Publication on lightning protection, NFPA78/780, deibscres the problem and industrial standard policies, but provides no positive protection solutions. 32. Maihtehahce error Welding is responsible for 18 accidents. Catastrophic failures of aboveground atmospheric storage tanks can occur when flammable vapors in the tank explode. In a 1995 accident, during a welding operation on the outside of a tank, bustible vapors inside two large, 30ft. diameter by 30ft. high, storage tanks exploded (USEPA, 1997). In a 1986 accident in Thessaloniki, Greece, sparks from a flame of a cutting torch ignited flammable vapors resulting in a fire spreading to other areas (Fewtrell and Hirst, 1998). The fire extended for seven days resulting in the destruction of 10 out of 12 crude oil storage tanks and five deaths. Both OSHA39。s standards on welding should be reviewed. Hazard reduction measures include proper hotwork procedures such as obtaining a hot work permit, having a fire watch and fire extinguishing equipment present, and proper testing for explosivity。Lonnermark, 2021). The ignition tore the insulated cone roof into several pieces resulting a full surface fire. A fire destroyed an almost empty refinery gasoline tank during a 2021 tank inspection in Superior, Wisconsin (Perssonamp。 Lonnermark, 2021). In 1973, 40 workers at a Staten Island,New York City gas plant were killed in an explosion while cleaning an empty LNG tank (Juckett, 2021). The explosion was caused by the igni