研究?jī)?chǔ)罐事故外文翻譯-其他專(zhuān)業(yè)-展示頁(yè)
2025-01-31 03:02本頁(yè)面
【正文】 %) caused by human errors including poor operations and maintenance. Other causes were equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line rupture, static electricity, open flames etc. Most of those accidents would have been avoided if good engineering have been practiced. Keywords: Fishbone Diagram。 Accident statistics, fire and explosion 1. Introduction Storage tanks in refineries and chemical plants contain large volumes of flammable and hazardous chemicals. A small accident may lead to milliondollar property loss and a few days of production interruption. A large accident results in lawsuits, stock devaluation, or pany bank ruptcy. In last 50 years, trade anizations and engineering societies such as American petroleum institute (API),American institute of chemical engineers (AIChE),American society of mechanical engineers (ASME), and national fire protection association (NFPA) have published strict engineering guidelines and standards for the construction, material selection, design and safe management of storage tanks and their accessories (AIChE, 1988。 API, 1988。 ASME, 2021。 UL,1986。 1997。 Persson and Lonnermark,2021), books (CPC, 1983。 Pekalski, 1997。 USCHSIB, 2021。PAJ, 2021。s falling only occurred a few times. Property losses were rarely reported and the information was difficult to find. The average property loss of the 10 largest storage tank damage losses listed in Table 6 is 114 million in January 2021 dollars. 3. Causes of accidents As indicated in Table 7, lightning was the most frequent cause of accident and the maintenance error was the secondmost frequent cause. The rest were operational error,equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line rupture, static electricity, open flames etc. To illustrate causes and effects, a fishbone diagram as shown in Fig. 1 was developed. A fishbone diagram as shown in Fig. 2 was also developed for the prevention of accidents. . Light}ci}cg There are two major causes of lightning related fires. The first one is a direct strike and the second is the secondary effects such as the bound charge, the electromagic pulse, the electrostatic pulse and the earth currents (Carpenter,1996). A direct lightning strike zone has a radius between 10and 10 m. When a storage tank is in the direct strike zone, flammable vapors exposed to the heating effect or the stroke channel may be ignited. Among the 80 lightning accidents, a dozen tanks were hit directly resulting in roof blowing off and massive destruction. A lighting strike to a floating roof tank containing naphtha on October 24, 1995 in Gilacap, Indonesia resulted in fires and property damages of 38 million dollars in January, 2021 dollars (March and Mclennan, 1997). Because of this incident, the refinery operated at approximately 70% of capacity as of July 1995,and was not expected to operate at full capacity until Marc
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