【正文】 院研制的微機(jī)線路保護(hù)裝置也于 1991 年通過鑒定。至此，不同原理、不同機(jī)型的微機(jī)線路和主設(shè)備保護(hù)各具特色，為電力系統(tǒng)提供了一批新一代性能優(yōu)良、功能齊全、工作可靠的繼電保護(hù)裝置?？梢哉f從 90年代開始我國(guó)繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)已進(jìn)入了微機(jī)保護(hù)的時(shí)代。 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)硬件的迅猛發(fā)展，微機(jī)保護(hù)硬件也在不斷發(fā)展。華中理工大學(xué)研制的微機(jī)保護(hù)也是從 8位 cpu，發(fā)展到以工控機(jī)核心部分為基 礎(chǔ)的 32 位微機(jī)保護(hù)。東南大學(xué)研制的微機(jī)主設(shè)備保護(hù)的硬件也經(jīng)過了多次改進(jìn)和提高。采用 32位微機(jī)芯片并非只著眼于精度，因?yàn)榫仁?a/d轉(zhuǎn)換器分辨率的限 制，超過 16位時(shí)在轉(zhuǎn)換速度和成本方面都是難以接受的；更重要的是 32位微機(jī)芯片具有很高的集成度，很高的工作頻率和計(jì)算速度，很大的尋址空間，豐富的指令系統(tǒng)和較多的輸入輸出口。 電力系統(tǒng)對(duì)微機(jī)保護(hù)的要求不斷提高，除了保護(hù)的基本功能外，還應(yīng)具有大容量故障信息和數(shù)據(jù)的長(zhǎng)期存放空間，快速的數(shù)據(jù)處理功能，強(qiáng)大的通信能力，與其它保護(hù)、控制裝置和調(diào)度聯(lián)網(wǎng)以共享全系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)、信 息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的能力，高級(jí)語言編程等。在計(jì)算機(jī)保護(hù)發(fā)展初期，曾設(shè)想過用一臺(tái)小型計(jì)算機(jī)作成繼電保護(hù)裝置?，F(xiàn)在，同微機(jī)保護(hù)裝置大小相似的工控機(jī)的功能、速度、存儲(chǔ)容量大大超過了當(dāng)年的小型機(jī)，因此，用成套工控機(jī)作成繼電保護(hù)的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟，這將是微機(jī)保護(hù)的發(fā)展方向之一。這種裝置的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有： (1)具有 486pc機(jī)的全部功能，能滿足對(duì)當(dāng) 前和未來微機(jī)保護(hù)的各種功能要求。 (3)采用 std總線或 pc總線，硬件模塊化，對(duì)于不同的保護(hù)可任意選用不同模塊，配置靈活、容易擴(kuò)展。但對(duì)如何更好地滿足電力系統(tǒng)要求，如何進(jìn)一步提高繼電保護(hù)的可靠性，如何取得更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益，尚須進(jìn)行具體深入的研究。它深刻影響著各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，也為各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域提供了強(qiáng)有力的通信手段。繼電保護(hù)的作用也只限于切除故障元件，縮小事故影響范圍。國(guó)外早已提出過系統(tǒng)保護(hù)的概念，這在當(dāng)時(shí)主要指安全自動(dòng)裝置。這就要求每個(gè)保護(hù)單元都能共享全系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行和故障信息的數(shù)據(jù)，各個(gè)保護(hù)單元與重合 閘裝置在分析這些信息和數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作，確保系統(tǒng)的安全穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。這在當(dāng)前的技術(shù)條件下是完全可能的。繼電保護(hù)裝置能夠得到的系統(tǒng)故障信息愈多，則對(duì)故障性質(zhì)、故障位置的判斷和故障距離的檢測(cè)愈準(zhǔn)確。 對(duì)于某些保護(hù)裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)，也能提高保護(hù)的可靠性。其原理是將傳統(tǒng)的集中式母線保護(hù)分散成若干個(gè) (與被保護(hù)母線的回路數(shù)相同 )母線保護(hù)單元，分散裝設(shè)在各回路保護(hù)屏上，各保護(hù)單元用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)聯(lián)接起來，每個(gè)保護(hù)單元只輸入本回路的電流量，將其轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字量后，通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳送給其它所有回路的保護(hù)單元，各保護(hù)單元根據(jù)本回路的電流量和從計(jì) 算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上獲得的其它所有回路的電流量，進(jìn)行母線差動(dòng)保護(hù)的計(jì)算，如果計(jì)算結(jié)果證明是母線內(nèi)部故障則只跳開本回路斷路器，將故障的母線隔離。這種用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)的分布式母線保護(hù)原理，比傳統(tǒng)的集中式母線保護(hù)原理有較高的可靠性。 由上述可知，微機(jī)保護(hù)裝置網(wǎng)絡(luò)化可大大提高保護(hù)性能和可靠性，這是微機(jī)保護(hù)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。它可從網(wǎng)上獲取電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行和故障的任何信息和數(shù)據(jù)，也可將它所獲得的被保護(hù)元件的任何信息和數(shù)據(jù)傳送給網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制中心或任一終端。 4 目前，為了測(cè)量、保護(hù)和控制的需要，室外變電 站的所有設(shè)備，如變壓器、線路等的二次電壓、電流都必須用控制電纜引到主控室。但是如果將上述的保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量、數(shù)據(jù)通信一體化的計(jì)算機(jī)裝置，就地安裝在室外變電站的被保護(hù)設(shè)備旁，將被保護(hù)設(shè)備的電壓、電流量在此裝置內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字量后，通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)送到主控室，則可免除大量的控制電纜。現(xiàn)在光電流互感器 (ota)和光電壓互感器 (otv)已在研究試驗(yàn)階段，將來必然在電力系統(tǒng)中得到應(yīng)用。 ota 和 otv 的光信號(hào)輸入到此一體化裝置中并轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)后，一方面用作保護(hù)的計(jì)算判斷；另一方面作為測(cè)量量，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)送到主控室。 1992 年天津大學(xué)提出了保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量、通信一體化問題，并研制了以 tms320c25 數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器 (dsp)為基礎(chǔ)的一個(gè)保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量、數(shù)據(jù)通信一體化裝置。神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一種非線性映射的方法，很多難以列出方程式或難以求解的復(fù)雜的非線性問題，應(yīng)用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)方法則可迎刃而解。其它如遺傳算法、進(jìn)化規(guī)劃等也都有其獨(dú)特的求解復(fù)雜問題的能力。天津大學(xué)從 1996 年起進(jìn)行神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)式繼電保護(hù)的研究，已取得初步成果。 三 總結(jié) 建國(guó)以來，我國(guó)電力系統(tǒng)繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了 4 個(gè)時(shí)代。國(guó)內(nèi)外繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)為：計(jì)算機(jī)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量、數(shù)據(jù)通信一體化和人工智能化，這對(duì)繼電保護(hù)工作者提出了艱巨的任務(wù)，也開辟了活動(dòng)的廣闊天地。s, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , pleted to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team39。s. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solidfoundation. From the end of the 5039。s to the 8039。s, started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the plete series to at the end of 8039。s still were in the dominant position, this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated electricity road work frequency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power automation research institute high frequency protected the vital role , the Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase voltage pensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi strip 220kv and on the 500kv line. Our country namely started the puter relay protection research from the end of the 7039。s function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, southeast the university, the North China electric power institute, the Xian Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle, the different pattern microputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microputer protective device first through the appraisal, and in the system the find application, had opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect, the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magism protection, the generator protection and the generator?Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microputer phase voltage pensated the type direction high frequency protection, the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown ponent direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through the appraisal. Heres, the different principle, the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique, provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine, the function has been plete, the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microputer protective device research, in