【正文】
保護(hù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展注入新的活力,因此,繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)是有利的,在 40多年的時(shí)間里已完成發(fā)展了 4 個(gè)歷史階段。阿城繼電器廠引進(jìn)消化了當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)外先進(jìn)的繼電器制造技術(shù),建立了我國(guó)自己的繼電器制造業(yè)。到 90 年代初集成電路保護(hù)的研制、生產(chǎn)、應(yīng)用仍處于主導(dǎo)地位,這是集成電路保護(hù)時(shí)代。至此,不同原理、不同機(jī)型的微機(jī)線路和主設(shè)備保護(hù)各具特色,為電力系統(tǒng)提供了一批新一代性能優(yōu)良、功能齊全、工作可靠的繼電保護(hù)裝置。東南大學(xué)研制的微機(jī)主設(shè)備保護(hù)的硬件也經(jīng)過了多次改進(jìn)和提高?,F(xiàn)在,同微機(jī)保護(hù)裝置大小相似的工控機(jī)的功能、速度、存儲(chǔ)容量大大超過了當(dāng)年的小型機(jī),因此,用成套工控機(jī)作成繼電保護(hù)的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟,這將是微機(jī)保護(hù)的發(fā)展方向之一。它深刻影響著各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,也為各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域提供了強(qiáng)有力的通信手段。這在當(dāng)前的技術(shù)條件下是完全可能的。這種用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)的分布式母線保護(hù)原理,比傳統(tǒng)的集中式母線保護(hù)原理有較高的可靠性。但是如果將上述的保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量、數(shù)據(jù)通信一體化的計(jì)算機(jī)裝置,就地安裝在室外變電站的被保護(hù)設(shè)備旁,將被保護(hù)設(shè)備的電壓、電流量在此裝置內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字量后,通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)送到主控室,則可免除大量的控制電纜。神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一種非線性映射的方法,很多難以列出方程式或難以求解的復(fù)雜的非線性問題,應(yīng)用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)方法則可迎刃而解。國(guó)內(nèi)外繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)為:計(jì)算機(jī)化,網(wǎng)絡(luò)化,保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量、數(shù)據(jù)通信一體化和人工智能化,這對(duì)繼電保護(hù)工作者提出了艱巨的任務(wù),也開辟了活動(dòng)的廣闊天地。s, started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the plete series to at the end of 8039。 If thinks after the work method, passes through the massive breakdowns sample training, so long as the sample centralism has fully considered each kind of situation, then in breaksdown time any all may correctly distinguish. Other like geic algorithms, the evolution plan and so on also all have its unique solution plex question the ability. May cause the solution speed these artificial intelligence method suitable unions to be quicker. The Tianjin University carries on the nerve work type relay protection from 1996 the research, has yielded the preliminary result ]. May foresee, the artificial intelligence technology must be able to obtain the application in the relay protection domain, by solves the problem which solves with difficulty with the conventional method. 3 Conclution Since the founding of China39。s function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, southeast the university, the North China electric power institute, the Xian Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle, the different pattern microputer protective device. In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microputer protective device first through the appraisal, and in the system the find application, had opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microputer to pave the way. In the host equipment protection aspect, the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magism protection, the generator protection and the generator?Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops microputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microputer phase voltage pensated the type direction high frequency protection, the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown ponent direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through the appraisal. Heres, the different principle, the different type microcomputer line and the host equipment protect unique, provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical power system fine, the function has been plete, the work reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microputer protective device research, in microputer aspect and so on protection software, algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result. May say started our country relay protection technology from the 9039。s. This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solidfoundation. From the end of the 5039。天津大學(xué)從 1996 年起進(jìn)行神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)式繼電保護(hù)的研究,已取得初步成果。 ota 和 otv 的光信號(hào)輸入到此一體化裝置中并轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)后,一方面用作保護(hù)的計(jì)算判斷;另一方面作為測(cè)量量,通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)送到主控室。它可從網(wǎng)上獲取電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行和故障的任何信息和數(shù)據(jù),也可將它所獲得的被保護(hù)元件的任何信息和數(shù)據(jù)傳送給網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制中心或任一終端。 對(duì)于某些保護(hù)裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng),也能提高保護(hù)的可靠性。國(guó)外早已提出過系統(tǒng)保護(hù)的概念,這在當(dāng)時(shí)主要指安全自動(dòng)裝置。 (3)采用 std總線或 pc總線,硬件模塊化,對(duì)于不同的保護(hù)可任意選用不同模塊,配置靈活、容易擴(kuò)展。 電力系統(tǒng)對(duì)微機(jī)保護(hù)的要求不斷提高,除了保護(hù)的基本功能外,還應(yīng)具有大容量故障信息和數(shù)據(jù)的長(zhǎng)期存放空間,快速的數(shù)據(jù)處理功能,強(qiáng)大的通信能力,與其它保護(hù)、控制裝置和調(diào)度聯(lián)網(wǎng)以共享全系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)、信 息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的能力,高級(jí)語言編程等。 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)硬件的迅猛發(fā)展,微機(jī)保護(hù)硬件也在不斷發(fā)展。 1984年原華北電力學(xué)院研制的輸電線路微機(jī)保護(hù)裝置首先通過鑒定,并在系統(tǒng)中獲得應(yīng)用,揭開了我國(guó)繼電保護(hù)發(fā)展史上新的一頁,為微機(jī)保護(hù)的推廣開辟了道路。 60年代中到 80年代中是晶體管繼電保護(hù)蓬勃發(fā)展和廣泛采用的時(shí)代?;仡櫸覈?guó)電力系統(tǒng)繼保護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展的過程中,概述了微機(jī)繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)的成就,提出了未來繼電保護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將是:計(jì)算機(jī)化,電網(wǎng)絡(luò)化,保護(hù),控 制,調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,數(shù)據(jù)通信一體 化和人工智能化。因而在 60 年代中我國(guó)已建成了繼電保護(hù)研究、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、運(yùn)行和教學(xué)的完整體系。在這方面南京電力自動(dòng)化研究院研制的集成電路工頻變化量方向高頻保護(hù)起了重要作用,天津大學(xué)與南京電力自動(dòng)化設(shè)備廠合作研制的 集成電路相電壓補(bǔ)償式方向高頻保護(hù)也在多條 220kv 和 500kv 線路上運(yùn)行。隨著微機(jī)保護(hù)裝置的研究,在微機(jī)保護(hù)軟件、算法等方面也取得了很多 理論成果。天津大學(xué)一開始即研制以 16位多 cpu為基礎(chǔ)的微機(jī)線路保護(hù), 1988年即開始研究以 32位數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器 (dsp)為基礎(chǔ)的保護(hù)、控制、測(cè)量一體化微機(jī)裝置,目前已與珠海晉電自動(dòng)化設(shè)備公司合作研制成一種功能齊全的 32位大模塊,一個(gè)模塊就是一個(gè)小型計(jì)算機(jī)。天津大學(xué)已研制成用同微機(jī)保護(hù)裝置結(jié)構(gòu)完全相同的一種工控機(jī)加以改造作成的繼電保護(hù)裝置。到目前為止,除了差動(dòng)保護(hù)和縱聯(lián)保護(hù)外,所有繼電保護(hù)裝置都只能反應(yīng)保護(hù)安裝處的電氣量。 對(duì)于一般的非系統(tǒng)保護(hù),實(shí)現(xiàn)保護(hù)裝置的計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)也有很大的好處。因?yàn)槿绻粋€(gè)保護(hù)單元受到干擾或計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤而誤動(dòng)時(shí),只能錯(cuò)誤地跳開本回路,不會(huì)造成使母線整個(gè)被切除的惡性事故,這對(duì)于像三峽電站具有超高壓母線的系統(tǒng)樞紐非常重要。如果用光纖作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳輸介質(zhì),還可免除電磁干擾。例如在輸電線兩側(cè)系統(tǒng)電勢(shì)角度擺開情況下發(fā)生經(jīng)過渡電阻的短路就是一非線性問題,距離保護(hù)很難正確作出故障位置的判別,從而造成誤動(dòng)或拒動(dòng);如果用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)方法,經(jīng)過大量故障樣本的訓(xùn)練,只要樣本集中充分考慮了各種情況,則在發(fā)生任何故障時(shí)都可正確判別。 5 Protection Relay Abstract: Protective relays