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Possible BE Results (90% CI) 新藥與仿制藥申報(bào)要求 45 New Drug Generic Drug NDA Requirements ANDA Requirements 1. Chemistry 1. Chemistry 2. Manufacturing 2. Manufacturing 3. Controls 3. Controls 4. Labeling 4. Labeling 5. Testing 5. Testing 6. Animal Studies 7. Clinical Studies 6. Bioequivalence 8. Bioavailability 仿制藥要求 THERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENTS Generic drug products are considered to be therapeutic equivalents only if they meet the following general criteria: * Safe and effective * Pharmaceutical equivalents * Bioequivalent * Adequately labeled * Manufactured in pliance with Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations. Therapeutic equivalence codes ?? “A” = Substitutable ?? “B” = Inequivalent, NOT Substitutable 46 FDA仿制藥批準(zhǔn)數(shù) 47 FDA仿制藥申報(bào)數(shù) 48 FDA仿制藥申報(bào)數(shù) 49 FDA仿制藥申報(bào)數(shù) 50 FDA/GPhA Fall Technical Conference 51 2 8 . 22 4 . 71 9 . 61 8 . 71 7 . 31 8 . 91 8 . 4 1 8 . 31 7 . 31 6 . 3 1 6 . 30510152025301995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023MonthsF i s c a l Y e a rM E D I A N A p p r o v a l T i m e s A N D A O R I G I N A L SO ffi c e of G e n e r i c D r u gs GDUFA “GDUFA” Generic Drug User Fees ? Only CDER program not supported by user fees Approx. 80% of RXs。 same dosage form and route of administration。 FDA 仿制藥要求 34 FDA 仿制藥相關(guān)定義 35 ? Pharmaceutical Equivalence Same active drug ingredient。 許多仿制藥商不再僅僅滿足于等到專利到期前才開始申報(bào)。 “第一個(gè)”仿制申請(qǐng)者擁有 180天的市場(chǎng)專賣權(quán)( market exclusivity)作為鼓勵(lì)。 專利保護(hù)期延長(zhǎng) 32 “第一個(gè)”仿制藥 33 HatchWaxman修正案中 RocheBolar條款允許仿制藥商在專利藥到期前提出申請(qǐng)。 FDA 仿制藥法規(guī) 31 ? “Hatch Waxman修正案”是對(duì) 《 聯(lián)邦食品、藥品和化妝品法 》 ( FDC Act)的修訂,設(shè)立了第 505( j)節(jié)。 ? 保證品牌藥( brandname drug) 生產(chǎn)廠家得到切實(shí)可行的市場(chǎng)保護(hù),以鼓勵(lì)他們開發(fā)有價(jià)值的新藥。 US FDA: A generic drug is identical or bioequivalent to a brand name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route of administration, quality, performance characteristics and intended use. 2 仿制藥與新藥 3 新藥與仿制藥 仿制藥研發(fā)趨勢(shì) 美國(guó) FDA仿制藥注冊(cè)要求 中國(guó) SFDA仿制藥注冊(cè)要求 中美仿制藥注冊(cè)要求比較 目錄 4 新藥研發(fā)過程 5 新藥:高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高投入高回報(bào) 6 Special Tox studies: photosafety, local tolerance, impurity/metabolite testing FIH, Ph1 Phase 2 Phase 3 NDA Chronic toxicology Completion of geic tox battery Carci SX protocols (if needed) Repro Tox Studies (Segs 1, 2, (3)) ADME Pharmacology Safety Pharmacology Acute Toxicology Subchronic Toxicology Geic Toxicology ADME Carcinogenicity Studies (Seg 3 repro tox) Integration of all studies US FDA Preclinical Requirements 7 Reasons for Attrition (1991–2023) Ismail Kola John Landis (2023). Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery 3 : 711 715 8 研發(fā)費(fèi)用增加與獲批新藥不成比例 9 0153045601963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2023NCE Approvals02040RD Expenditures(Billions of 2000$) FDA批準(zhǔn)新藥 (平均 20個(gè) /年) 2023 年全球十大醫(yī)藥企業(yè) (壟斷,只有少數(shù)掙錢) 十大藥廠前 5位藥品銷售市場(chǎng)份額 2023 年全球十大生物制藥企業(yè) 2023 年全球十大生物醫(yī)藥治療領(lǐng)域 大藥企市值下降 (新的不出,舊的將過期 ) $287$203$213$75$173$155$143$51$104$66$90$72$85$60$83$31$76 $76$0$320Billions of US$P F E M R K G S K B M Y LLY A Z N W Y E S G P A B TM a rk e t C a p o n 1 2 3 1 0 0 M a rk e t C a p o n 4 2 9 0 5醫(yī)藥企業(yè)應(yīng)對(duì)策略 16 鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新 – 新藥 機(jī)構(gòu)重組,資源整合 節(jié)省開支 開發(fā)仿制藥 化學(xué)仿制藥 生物仿制藥 新藥生命周期 17 03006009001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Y e a r s o f M a r k e ti n gMillions of 2000$A n e s t h / A n a l gA n t i i n f e c t i v eA l lC a rdi o v a s c u l