財(cái)務(wù)分析-costaccounting-展示頁
2025-01-15 22:13本頁面
【正文】 mp。 1998 Bain amp。 1998 Bain amp。 1998 Bain amp。 1998 Bain amp。A ?Office supplies ?Plant manager Rule of thumb: If a particular cost changes when production increases or decreases, the cost is variable. If a particular cost “goes away” when a product is dropped from the product line, the cost is direct. Types of Costs bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 13 Cost Accounting ?All costs are variable over a very long time horizon (., for very large increases in volume) – Costs to run and maintain a puter system that tracks product orders are clearly fixed for a small change in volume, such as that associated with a slightly busy month. However, they are variable for a large change in volume, such as that associated with a new plant. ?Most costs are semivariable (., they tend to be added in lumps as volume increases) – Supervisory labor tends to be considered fixed because it is unlikely that additional supervisors would have to be added to handle a small increase, say 10%, in volume. But the workforce can only increase so much before an additional supervisor is needed. – In theory, production labor is variable. However, in many client situations, restraints placed by unions and difficulty in hiring and firing people in response to shortterm volume fluctuations make it, in practice, semivariable. Defining the appropriate time horizon for the analysis is important. A meaningful analysis will isolate the fixed cost and variable ponents of a particular cost Fixed vs. Variable bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 14 Cost Accounting The following is an illustration of cost behavior for fixed, semivariable, and variable costs: Cost (Dollars) Volume (Units) Variable costs Semivariable costs Fixed costs Fixed vs. Variable Illustration bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 15 Cost Accounting It is useful to know the following terms when doing cost analysis: Simplified ine statement: Variable Cost Gross Margin Fixed Cost Operating Margin Revenue = Price per Unit x Volume Gross margin is also called “Gross Profit,” or “Contribution Margin” Operating Margin is also called “Operating Profit” Revenue Ine Statement Terms bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 16 Cost Accounting Breakeven volume is the volume at which the pany covers its fixed costs. At breakeven volume, the operating profit is zero. Volume Contribution margin (., revenue less variable costs) Fixed costs Breakeven volume $ Operating Loss Fixed costs Unit contribution Price per unit Variable cost per unit Breakeven volume = Fixed costs = Operating Profit Contribution Margin Breakeven Volume bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 17 Cost Accounting Operating Profit = Revenue Costs = Revenue Variable Costs Fixed costs = (Price per unit x Volume) (Variable cost per unit x Volume) Fixed costs = Volume x (Price per unit Variable cost per unit) Fixed costs = Volume x Unit contribution Fixed costs The breakeven volume is the volume for which operating profit = 0 0 = Breakeven volume x Unit contribution Fixed costs Fixed costs Unit contribution Price per unit Variable cost per unit Breakeven volume = Fixed costs = Backup for Breakeven Formula bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 18 Cost Accounting ?Importance of cost allocation ?Client example ?Definitions –direct vs. indirect, fixed vs. variable –breakeven volume ?Exercises –cost allocation –breakeven volume ?Key takeaways Agenda bc BOS Copyright169。 Company, Inc. Cost Accounting 19 Cost Accounting ?All products are made using the same equipment and machinery ?Plant supervisors oversee production of all three products ?Equipment capacity exists to increase production by 50% ?Sales people sell all three products ?Sales people are paid a base salary, plus a mission which is a percentage of the selling price ?Most advertising is product specific ?The pany uses a trucking pany to deliver products to customers (costs are based on the length of
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