【正文】
in(s)(頭孢菌素) Chloramphenicol(氯霉素) Cycloheximide(放線菌酮) Hygromycin Penicillin Streptomycin Tetracycline(s) Vanycin Bacillus subtilis Cephalosporium sp. S. venezuelae S. griseus S. hygromyces P. chrysogenum S. griseus S. aurofaciens S. orientalis BetaLactam Structure 半合成抗生素 用化學(xué)或生物化學(xué)的方法改變一直抗生素的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)或引入特定的功能基團而獲得的新抗生素品種或其衍生物的總稱。 抗生素的計量單位 : 效價單位:青霉素效價單位為能在 50ml肉湯培養(yǎng)基中完全抑制金黃色葡萄球菌菌株發(fā)育的最小計量。生物 抗生素的應(yīng)用 對抗生素的評價: 有較大的差異毒力 在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮其抗生效能,而不被血液、腦腎液等破壞,不大量與血清蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不可逆結(jié)合。 喹諾酮類抗生素,如環(huán)丙沙星、諾氟沙星。 多肽類抗生素:多粘菌素、桿菌肽由產(chǎn)孢子桿菌產(chǎn)生。 Penicillin Structure B內(nèi)酰胺是抗生素具有抗菌活性所必需的,而 R基團則賦予抗生素的穩(wěn)定性、抗菌譜等的變化。 根據(jù)抗生素的結(jié)構(gòu)分類 以 β內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素:包括其青霉素、頭孢菌素類等。 抗 G菌的抗生素:如鏈霉素 抗真菌的抗生素:如制霉菌素 抗病毒的抗生素:如四環(huán)類抗生素對立克次體積較大病毒有一定的作用。動植物產(chǎn)生的,蒜中的蒜素,動物臟器中的魚素( ekmolin). 根據(jù)作用譜分 : 廣譜抗生素,如氨芐青霉素,可抑制 Gamp。真菌產(chǎn)生的,主要包括青霉菌和頭孢菌素。 1928年, 概述 In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming reported the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium species He observed that Penicillium notatum killed some of his Staph. aureus culture dishes Discovery by accident? Culture dishes contaminated when left out for two weeks while Fleming was on holiday, instead of being incubated Fleming noticed that the substance secreted was an inhibitor of many bacterial species He published a paper on the active ingredient which he called ‘penicillin’. This was the first demonstration that a substance produced by micro’s could inhibit or kill other microbes Fleming could not isolate penicillin. 10 yrs later scientists Florey and Chain successfully isolated penicillin. 19431945, scaleup production of pencillium. By 1945,enough penicillin was produced to treat 7 million per year. Discoverer of penicillin Born into a farming family in Scotland, moved to London at 13 Awarded Scholarship to study medicine Alexander Fleming Zone of Inhibition This picture illustrates the effect of penicillin on a fungus. Note the clear ring of inhibition. It was this observation which initiated Fleming’s further studies. Howard Florey Australianborn Studied Science amp。第九章:抗生素的生產(chǎn) 王雪青 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 概述 抗生素的分類 抗生素的應(yīng)用 半合