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destroys penicillin by hydrolyzing a bond in this ring Some Statistics 10,985 tonnes of 6APA were produced in 1998 Of the 10,985, 48% was used for ampicilllin production, and 27% for amoxicillin. Resistance Linked to overuse of a specific agent or to the introductiob of a new class of ? lactam By the late 1970’s fewer than 10% of Staphlococcus infections could be cured by penicillin,到 1999年, WHO報(bào)道 95%的金黃色葡萄球菌抗青霉素, 100%大腸桿菌抗鏈霉素 Conclusion Semisynthetic variants are now the favoured choice of antibitic for bating bacterial resistance Can be orally administered They have a broadened range of specifity More chemically stable than their native counterpart. 抗生素的生產(chǎn)和提取工藝 菌種 孢子制備 發(fā)酵 種子制備 發(fā)酵液的預(yù)處理 提取和精制 成品包裝 現(xiàn)代抗生素工業(yè)生產(chǎn)工藝 Configuration amp。 喹諾酮類抗生素,如環(huán)丙沙星、諾氟沙星。 抗 G菌的抗生素:如鏈霉素 抗真菌的抗生素:如制霉菌素 抗病毒的抗生素:如四環(huán)類抗生素對(duì)立克次體積較大病毒有一定的作用。第九章:抗生素的生產(chǎn) 王雪青 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 概述 抗生素的分類 抗生素的應(yīng)用 半合成抗生素 青霉素的生產(chǎn)和提取工藝 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 定義:是生物在其生命過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的,并在低濃度下有選擇性地抑制或殺滅其它微生物或腫瘤細(xì)胞的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。G+細(xì)菌 抗 G+菌的抗生素:如青霉素。 蒽環(huán)類抗生素:阿霉素、柔紅霉素屬于抗癌類抗生素。 其目的:減低毒副作用,增強(qiáng)抗菌力,擴(kuò)大抗菌譜,對(duì)耐藥菌有效 ,便于口服,改善藥理性質(zhì),提高生物有效性。 agitation is removed by cooling jackets. Limpet, or half pipe, is mon choice Sparger Cshaped preferable to single pipe, as they improve O2 transfer in the viscous broths Cold H2O In Warm H2O Out 7. Analytical Instrumentation Probes for measurement of temp, pH glucose amp。 environmental control 3. Geometry Increased height to diameter ratio is favored as it aids agitation amp。 給藥后吸收快,并在被感染器官或組織中分布 致病菌對(duì)抗生素不易產(chǎn)生耐藥性 不引起過(guò)敏反應(yīng) 理化性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,便于提取、制劑和貯藏。它們含有一個(gè)四元內(nèi)酰胺環(huán),為目前最受重視的一類。 Medicine in Adelaide Awarded Scholarship at Oxford University Returned to England to plete a PhD Ernst Chain Of Russian German descent Graduated in Chemistry and Physiology Left Berlin when Nazi’s came to power Hired by Florey to work on penicillin project 到目前為止,有 8000多種抗生素, 2/3是由放線菌( strepomyces) 產(chǎn)生的,并通過(guò)化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的改造,總共有 3萬(wàn)多種半合成抗生素,它們的分子量為 1001200,普遍應(yīng)用的包括半合成和鹽類的抗生素有 350多種,其中以青霉素、頭孢霉素、四環(huán)素類、氨基糖苷類和大環(huán)內(nèi)脂類 主要抗生素的使用量( Harvey, 1998) 抗生素種類 用量 (kg/year) 動(dòng)物 1996 人類1997/1998 頭孢類 四環(huán)類