【正文】
和鹽類的抗生素有 350多種,其中以青霉素、頭孢霉素、四環(huán)素類、氨基糖苷類和大環(huán)內(nèi)脂類 主要抗生素的使用量( Harvey, 1998) 抗生素種類 用量 (kg/year) 動(dòng)物 1996 人類1997/1998 頭孢類 四環(huán)類 氨基糖類 大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類 121,603 323,151 37,058 71,222 314,498 47,500 5,409 47,696 Some Clinically Important Antibiotics Antibiotics Producer Organism Activity Site or mode of action Penicillin Penicillin chrysogenum Grampositive bacteria Wall synthesis Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Grampositive bacteria Wall synthesis Neomycin(新霉素) Streptomyces fradiae Broad spectrum Protein synthesis Streptomycin Streptomyces Griseus Gramnegative bacteria Protein synthesis Tetracycline Streptomyces mediterranei Broad spectrum Protein synthesis 抗生素的分類 根據(jù)抗生素的來源分 放線菌產(chǎn)生的,占目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的抗生素的 2/3。 給藥后吸收快,并在被感染器官或組織中分布 致病菌對(duì)抗生素不易產(chǎn)生耐藥性 不引起過敏反應(yīng) 理化性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,便于提取、制劑和貯藏。 agitation is removed by cooling jackets. Limpet, or half pipe, is mon choice Sparger Cshaped preferable to single pipe, as they improve O2 transfer in the viscous broths Cold H2O In Warm H2O Out 7. Analytical Instrumentation Probes for measurement of temp, pH glucose amp。 蒽環(huán)類抗生素:阿霉素、柔紅霉素屬于抗癌類抗生素。第九章:抗生素的生產(chǎn) 王雪青 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 概述 抗生素的分類 抗生素的應(yīng)用 半合成抗生素 青霉素的生產(chǎn)和提取工藝 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 定義:是生物在其生命過程中產(chǎn)生的,并在低濃度下有選擇性地抑制或殺滅其它微生物或腫瘤細(xì)胞的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。 喹諾酮類抗生素,如環(huán)丙沙星、諾氟沙星。 DO conc. are fitted at various points around the vessel ? Optimum temp between 24280C ? Alkaline pH must be reduced to neutrality ? Glucose must be monitored to prevent catabolite repression ? DO must sustain cells but promote fermentation 抗生素的提取 一般用溶媒體取法:利用抗生素在不同的 ph條件下的化學(xué)狀態(tài)(游離酸,堿或鹽)存在時(shí),在水及與水互不相容的溶媒中溶解度不同的特性,使抗生素從一液相轉(zhuǎn)移到另一液相中(如有機(jī)溶劑),已達(dá)到濃酸和提純的目的。生物 抗生素的應(yīng)用 對(duì)抗生素的評(píng)價(jià): 有較大的差異毒力 在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮其抗生效能,而不被血液、腦腎液等破壞,不大量與血清蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不可逆結(jié)合。 1928年, 概述 In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming reported the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium species He observed that Penicillium notatum killed some of his Staph. aureus culture dishes Discovery by accident? Culture dishes contaminated when left out for two weeks while Fleming was on holiday, instead of being incubated Flemin