【正文】 final chapter covers anizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . 3) ． usedn’ t 或 did’ t use to 為 used to (do) 的否定式。 2) ． cannot / can’ t? too ?“越??越好，怎么也不過分”。如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist firsttime office automation managers. 二．幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫停? 1)． may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，與 had better相近； Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. 既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。這點與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。 3) ought to have +過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該??”，與 should 的完成式含義類似。如： I regret having left the work unfinished。 1) needn’ t have + 過去分詞，表示做 了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于” didn’ t need to do” ,譯為“其實沒必要??”。 otherwise she would have replied before now. [A] couldn’ t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’ t have received （答案為 A） 3） may / might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許??”。如： My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be （答案為 C） 2） can’ t / couldn’ t have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定沒??”。 ougtht等情態(tài)動詞＋完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的 1．表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。might/mightn’ t。need/needn’ t。在這兩個方面must/mustn’ t,。希望同學(xué)們認(rèn)真掌握，切不可因不靠它們而忽視了對英語基礎(chǔ)知識的掌握。根據(jù)以往英語取得高分同學(xué)的經(jīng)驗和海文英語輔導(dǎo)名師的建議，他們都一致認(rèn)為英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ)，其實完形填空是對語法、詞匯的綜合考查，但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解，有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的句式，這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解，而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢，寫好作文。 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 1 頁 共 13 頁 英語語法歸納與練習(xí) 編者按：從 2020 年起，研究生英語考試取消了語法、詞匯等基礎(chǔ)知識的考查，將此部分改考為聽力。但取消了此部分知識點的考查并不意味著英語語法等基礎(chǔ)知識的不重要。因此，我們在此編寫了有關(guān)重 點語法的知識點，并將陸續(xù)登出，同時將刊登一些試題。 （一）情態(tài)動詞 一．情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法 情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。can/cann’ t。may/mayn’ t。should/shouldn’ t。 1） must have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定??”。如： Mary my letter。如： At Florida Power’ s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 2．表示虛擬語氣。如： You needn’ t have e over yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally. [A] needn’ t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’ t have dressed up (沒有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議，實際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D) 2） should have +過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該??” should not + have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了，譯為“本不應(yīng)該??”。 I should have planned everything ahead carefully. 我本來 應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒有完 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 2 頁 共 13 頁 成。如： Ｔ he porter ought to have called the firebrigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke . 4) could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來 可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以??”。如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully. 5) may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“（那樣）也許會??”。相當(dāng)于 you had better go by train。注意這個句型的變體 cannot? over? .如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a ，越小心越好。 4）． should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。 三．情態(tài)動詞被動關(guān)系的主動表達(dá)法 1． want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接 doing也可以表示被動意義。 如： All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it es to specifics. 二．形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級 1． 考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握： 1）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。答案為 A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition. 2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。 Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’ s. 3)比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置 原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表 達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為? .若干倍” ,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞 +as? as? ,或倍數(shù)詞 +more? than?，但 again 一般放在原級詞之后， 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 4 頁 共 13 頁 即 “ as+原級＋ again+as” .如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents. [A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times (答案為 B) “ Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“ No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice (答案 為 B) My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念： inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, pared with, in parison with, different from, rather than. 如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market. [A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial （答案為 A） Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研題 ) 5）“比較級＋ and +比較級”或“ more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ ever, steadily, daily等副詞＋比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越??”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動詞有 grow, get ,bee等。如 Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7) 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型： A): not so much? as?與其說??不如說?? The chief reason for the population growth isn’ t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. [A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降