【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 de and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the poser at the moment he poses. 大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比 not only? but (also) 。prefer?to? 。rather than有的是同類對(duì)比： and 。but； or； both? and?； either? or? 。 neither? nor? .. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1．注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如： It is better to die one’ s feet than . [A]living on one’ s knees [B]live on one’ s knees [C]on one’ s knees [D]to live on one’ s knees (答案為 D) Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 1） rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. [A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為 A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. [A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’ s say （答案為 B） 2）如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如： At times, more care goes into the position of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. （三）代詞及其指代一致 一．代詞的指代 1． that的指代作用 that 指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用 those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that of。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “ digestive pauses” by that指代前面的 the role。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 2． one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為 ones。 the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如： A good writer is who can express the monplace in an unmon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為 [C] 3． do的替代作用。 do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如： For him to be reelected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二．代詞指代一致問題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 7 頁 共 13 頁 一致。 Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 這里 he指代前面的 person。 It was during the 1920’ s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 這里 its指代前面 的兩人的 friendship。 Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me. 這里 me必須用賓格形式。 代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律： 1．鄰近和靠近原則 由 either ? or, neither? nor, not only? but (also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Ja es , he or she will want a drink 2．當(dāng) each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候 ,或者 anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’ t it” 3．當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟 each作同位語時(shí)，如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位 于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如： They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4．由 and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù) 如： the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident （三） 主謂一致問題 主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^ 語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則： 語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則 很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下： 一．謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況 1．動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如： Buying clothes is often a timeconsuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her. (1987年考研題 ) To understand the situation pletely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 8 頁 共 13 頁 2．表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。 Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3．一般用 and 連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語做主語時(shí)候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用 and 連接的主語表示一個(gè)概念，謂語用單數(shù)： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案： A。 4．表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5．有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6．用 and 連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況 1． 由 and, both ? and, 連接的并列主語，和 both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college. 2．集體名詞 police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3．當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞