【文章內容簡介】 de and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the poser at the moment he poses. 大多數情況下平行結構都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比 not only? but (also) 。prefer?to? 。rather than有的是同類對比： and 。but； or； both? and?； either? or? 。 neither? nor? .. 平行結構測試時候注意以下幾點： 1．注意比較結構中相比較的內容在語法形式上是否相同。如： It is better to die one’ s feet than . [A]living on one’ s knees [B]live on one’ s knees [C]on one’ s knees [D]to live on one’ s knees (答案為 D) Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導平行結構。 1） rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. [A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為 A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. [A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’ s say （答案為 B） 2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如： At times, more care goes into the position of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. （三）代詞及其指代一致 一．代詞的指代 1． that的指代作用 that 指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞（如是復數，用 those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的 that of。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “ digestive pauses” by that指代前面的 the role。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 2． one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，復數為 ones。 the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如： A good writer is who can express the monplace in an unmon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為 [C] 3． do的替代作用。 do代替動詞，注意數和時態(tài)的變化。如： For him to be reelected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二．代詞指代一致問題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 7 頁 共 13 頁 一致。 Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 這里 he指代前面的 person。 It was during the 1920’ s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 這里 its指代前面 的兩人的 friendship。 Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me. 這里 me必須用賓格形式。 代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規(guī)律： 1．鄰近和靠近原則 由 either ? or, neither? nor, not only? but (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Ja es , he or she will want a drink 2．當 each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候 ,或者 anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數形式。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’ t it” 3．當主語為復數形式，后跟 each作同位語時，如果 each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用復數形式；如果 each位 于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如： They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4．由 and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復數 如： the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident （三） 主謂一致問題 主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結構的主語單復數的認定，進而選擇適當的謂 語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則： 語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則 很多情況下應該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應用哪種原則應該視具體情況而定?？偨Y如下： 一．謂語動詞用單數的情況 1．動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數。如： Buying clothes is often a timeconsuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her. (1987年考研題 ) To understand the situation pletely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 8 頁 共 13 頁 2．表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數。 Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3．一般用 and 連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復數，但是下面用 and 連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案： A。 4．表示學科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復數形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數形式 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5．有些名詞形式上是復數，意義上是單數，根據意義一致原則動詞用單數 The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6．用 and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 謂語用復數情況 1． 由 and, both ? and, 連接的并列主語，和 both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復數形式。 Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college. 2．集體名詞 police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復數形式的動詞 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3．當表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當主語，謂語動詞用復數形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞