【正文】 municipality, for a refund of your overpayment, but the collector is safe. 譯文 : 2．侵權行為 主要的法學著作家都同意：誰也沒有給侵權行為下過一個令人滿意的定義。立法機關也頒布了規(guī)定諸如雇傭契約中最高工作時數和最低工資之類的條件甚至規(guī)定了整個契約（如保險單之類）并予行政機關以規(guī)定諸如運輸業(yè)和電力業(yè)的價格和條件的權力。近些年來，法院和立法機構對在上述情況下契約自由竟會絲毫不受限制的后果越來越感到關切。所有這一切更使得以案例為中心的美國律師增強下列愿望：就過去業(yè)已發(fā)生或今后可以預見的爭端，在契約中作出明文規(guī)定。美國企業(yè)特別重視細節(jié)，這也許是有一些原因的。即使沒有律師直接參與其事，當事人也可以直接采用或參照吸收一種標準格式。 在美國，契約也同制定法那樣，是以詳細和冗長為其特征的。但是最令人滿意的解決辦法，是通過立法（這是某些州的辦法）規(guī)定要約不問有無約因只要具備簽了名的書面形式而且記明不得撤銷者，一律不得撤銷。使要約人信守允諾的常用辦法，是向他支付一筆有名無實金額（如一美元），作為取得因而被稱作“選擇權”者之對價。其中最麻煩 的情況之一，涉及到“硬”要約，即不可撤回的要約。但是，比如說，一個無償允諾（其中也包括因作出允諾時早已提供了的商品和勞務而作出的允諾在內）是沒有約因支持它的。約因主要是允諾人要談判到手，而且也是允諾人以其允諾換來的某事物。但隨著火漆印為鋼筆或印刷的復制品所取代，印章也就徒有其名了。 在美國，除要求書面形式外，允諾如無約因的支持，一般也是不能執(zhí)行的。許多協議（如大多數提供服務的契約）則不包括在內，因此即使沒有書面形式也能執(zhí)行。欺詐防止法一般都規(guī)定：特定種類的契約如無書面證明不得執(zhí)行；但也有例外。其中最重要的兩項，是必須有書面形式和必須有約因。允諾一旦遭到違反，法律就予以補救；雖然，“契約”一詞亦可用來指當事人借以表示其協議的一系列行為、指雙方當事人所制作的文契或指其所形成的法規(guī)關系。某些由制定法（以及案例法）規(guī)定的規(guī)則是強制的，當事人不得避免；而另一些規(guī)則則是含蓄的、解釋性的、補充性的，因而可以由協議改變之。契約法主要雖仍為案例法，但處理具體問題的制定法日益增多了。因此，除若干例外情況外，契約法原則適用于諸如個人、企業(yè)和政府實體等不同的當事人。 契約法的內容，包括能力、形式、要約與承諾、約因、欺詐與錯誤、合法與否、解釋與推定、履行 及其條件、契約目的無法達到和契約無法履行、免責、受讓人及受益的第三人之權利和補救方法。這種同意表現為當事人明示的允諾或事實上由當事人通過行為而默示允諾。 畢業(yè)設計 (論文 )外文資料翻譯 院（系） ： 經貿系 專 業(yè)： 市場營銷 姓 名： 學 號： 外文出處： Donald Harris and Denis Law TOday. 1995 附 件： ； 完成日期： 2021 年 3 月 25 日 (用外文寫 ) on contracts The law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise (often called implied in law or quasi contract) in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it. The subject matter of contract law prises capacity, formalities, offer and acceptance, consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance, frustration and impossibility, discharge, rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries, and remedies. It has, to a very considerable extent, preserved its unitary quality , resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties. Accordingly, with some exceptions, its principles are applicable to agreements on such varied subjects as employment, sale of goods or land, and insurance, and to such diverse parties as individuals, business anizations, and governmental entities. It is largely state rather than federal law, but it differs usually only in detail from one state to anther. While it is still primarily case law, an increasing number of statutes deal with particular problems. The Uniform Commercial Code, for example, contains some special provisions on the formation of contracts for the sale of goods. And by the Tucker Act of 1887, as amended, one of the most significant of the federal statutes in the field, the United States government has waived its sovereign immunity in contract actions by consenting to suit in the federal courts. Some rules laid down by statute, and by case law as well, are mandatory or pulsory and cannot be avoided by the parties, while others are implicative, interpretative, or suppletory and can be varied by agreement. A contract may be simply defined as a promise for the breach of which the law gives a remedy , although the word “contract” may also be used to refer to the series of acts by which the parties expressed their agreement, to the document which they may have executed, or to the legal relations which have resulte