【正文】 iculates. These pollutants are key factors in many respiratory ailments such as asthma as well as “a range of other human health effects, from headaches and eye irritation to cancer”. The World Bank estimates that million people in developing countries die each year from transportrelated air emissions, with a similar death toll from traffic accidents. Transportation cannot be replaced because it is the part of the production chain. For this reason, transportation systems must be developed and standardized, the effectiveness of transportation service must be increased, while the environmental pollution must be decreased or prevented. Emission from road traffic is a plex system with an output that cannot be completely measured. It is natural to analyze the emissions from a sample of vehiclesunder different driving conditions. The California Air Resources Board pointes out that congestionstop and go traffic significantly increases emissions. As an example, one report estimates that a 10mile trip, using an average 1987 automobile, results in running exhaust HC emission of 1grams at a speed of 55 mph but that HC emissions would be 7 grams at an average speed of 20 mph, typical of stopandgo conditions With respect to air quality impacts, congestion pricing can be expected to improve air quality in two ways. The first impact es from the reduced level of congestion on the facility, pared with the level of congestion on the unpriced road. The second impact on emissions is due to the reduced number of vehicles on the road facilities. To the extent that higher prices succeed in reducing vehicle miles traveled, there will be fewer vehicles on the road. It is clear that reduced travel demand in peak periods reflects fewer and shorter trips being made and results in higher travel speeds during peak periods, with consequent reductions in vehicles emissions during peak periods. However, the bulk of daily travel occurring in offpeak periods may be negatively affected, as some peak travelers shift their time of travel to offpeak periods to avoid tolls. Overall beneficial impacts on air quality may thus be smaller than that suggested simply by peak period travel demand reductions. This reduction cannot be measured directly, but will have to be calculated from the information on traffic diversion, congestion reduction, and ridesharing increase. In the long term, congestion pricing could lead to increases in use of alternative travel modes for all daily trips, thus reducing total daily emissions. 4. Social justice Sustainable development has three widely agreed metagoals: sustainable economic development, environmental protection and social justice. All three goals must be addressed together if development is to be sustainable. Much attention has been paid to economic development and environmental protection, but less attention has been paid to social justice. Social justice (equity) contains economic equity and environmental equity. Economic equity issues resulting from congestion pricing are difficult to address pletely. Some people have argued that road pricing is regressive, in that it will bear more heavily on poorer car users, short distance journeys, and on those living adjacent to the cordons。期待有益的意見和建議，以改善本文。交通擁堵收費(fèi)的設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)價(jià)，將需要一個(gè)可持續(xù)的發(fā)展，需要更深入的了解它帶來的直接和間接影響。電子不停車收費(fèi)系統(tǒng)（ ETC）技術(shù)的最新進(jìn)展證明了交通擁堵收費(fèi)技術(shù)上是可行的。作為一項(xiàng)重要的戰(zhàn)略，擁擠收費(fèi)是解決交通需求管理問題的重要途徑，但因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護(hù)和社會(huì)正義的不確定影響，仍收到了強(qiáng)烈的社會(huì)和政治的反對(duì)。如何使用稅收，改善城市交通系統(tǒng)的效率，在可持續(xù)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。如果是用于改善道路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，它可以看出，交通改道在控制區(qū)的優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)?？梢钥闯觯鐣?huì)公正是最難解決得，實(shí)踐表明，稅收在道路定價(jià)中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。交通規(guī)劃者應(yīng)該指出，減少擁堵水平和行程速度對(duì)整個(gè)設(shè)施的增加將有利于公共交通的使用者。 環(huán)境公平是指環(huán)境質(zhì)量的社會(huì)分配（特別是二氧化氮分布）。但是，在運(yùn)輸方面環(huán)境權(quán)益的問題已經(jīng)很少提及。 對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，對(duì)汽油的稅率是相同的，不管運(yùn)輸業(yè)的用戶是否是在擁擠或非擁擠的時(shí)段行駛。關(guān)鍵是要保持這些最低限度，并找到那些沒有受益于交通擁堵收費(fèi)的補(bǔ)償方式。這些參數(shù)可以通過制定更加靈活的收費(fèi)制度，在一定程度上抵消。 經(jīng)濟(jì)公平的問題，造成交通擁堵收費(fèi)是難以完全解決的。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)的投入一直受到關(guān)注，但投入給社會(huì)正義的關(guān)注較少。作為一個(gè)例子，一個(gè)報(bào)告估計(jì)， 10英里的路程，用普通的 1987年的汽車， 以 55英里的速度運(yùn)行 HC排放廢氣的重量為 1克，而HC在 20英里的平均速度下的排放量是 7克，典型的走走停停模式。從車輛樣本分析不同的駕駛條件下的排放量這是自然的。出于這個(gè)原因，交通系統(tǒng)必須發(fā)展和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，運(yùn)輸服務(wù)的有效性，是必須增加的，同時(shí)必須減少或防止環(huán)境污染。 據(jù)世界銀行估計(jì)，在發(fā)展中國家，有 染物排放有關(guān)，這是與交通事故類似的死亡人數(shù)。汽車是城市空氣和噪音污染的占主導(dǎo)地位的生產(chǎn)者，包括一氧化碳，氮氧化物和大氣飄塵。據(jù)報(bào)道，中國是二氧化碳排放大國，