【正文】 ger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the old heavy masonry. Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapesI beams up to 20 in. ( ) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to bine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hotrolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot。 first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton 。by 1819 angle irons were rolled。ade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in highrise buildings, and resulting in costeffective columnfree interior space with a high ratio of to gross floor area. Because of the contribution of the stressedskin fa231。 外文原文 Talling Building And Steel Construction Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahighrise buildings. The early development of highrise buildings began with structural steel concrete and stressedskin tube systems have since been economically and petitively used in a number of structures for both residential and mercial highrise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems. Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause disfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway. Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a petitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings. Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at () centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8in . thick (20m) flatplate concrete slabs. Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings bines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tubeintube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories. Systems bining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the posite system developed by skidmore, Owings amp。Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby bining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system. In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the A