【正文】 詞化的ing形式或ed形式。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows 。（兩個動作同時進行）The food cooked, the boy went to ，小孩去睡了。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things ，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。 leave.）比較：動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。 ，他休了兩個月的假。= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the ，眼睛緊盯著黑板。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read ，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。（相當(dāng)于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the ，眼睛看著天空。（相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the ，我愿工作到深夜。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very being no further business to discuss, we all went ，我們都回家了。（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：含有being的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange ，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）1． 表示時間的ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his ，老師開始上課。Being ill, he went ,他回家了。（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more ，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。（＝Because I shall check so many exercisebooks tonight ,I really can39。（= As his mother is to e tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ —— many exercisebooks to check, I really can39。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to ．不定式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a ，他母親開始給他講故事。⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the ，他把鑰匙鎖在車里了七、非謂語動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。to make the matter worse等等。to cut a long story short。to be sure。有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。例：⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to ，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。judging from。這些短語有：generally speaking。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more ，花園更漂亮。但是，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。（借此結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）The last guest to arrive, our party was ，我們的晚會開始了。表狀態(tài)）Class over, we began to play ，我們開始玩籃球。（無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）The old man sat in his chair, his eyes ，閉著眼睛。（代詞＋－ing。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：—ing 分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；—ed分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。如：表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。二、功能：“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一、概念：“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless 。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing is no use 。7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型1）Doing...+ is an 。It39。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞39。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。(注)：①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to e．The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。如： Let him do 。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。（雙重賓語）注），如：I have no idea of how to do 。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(主語)I don39。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(條件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(時間)Reading carefully，you39。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計劃。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overe ，我們必須設(shè)法克服。2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。He went out shutting the door behind 。現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frownup, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, muchtraveled, newlyarrived, recentlye(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系 一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。He rushed into the burning house．他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要求不定式做補語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系 Get him something to eat．給他拿點兒東西吃。4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。t mean to hurt your