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【正文】 s of Organizational Change Top Down _______________ Bottomup Radical _______________ Incremental Discontinuous _____________ Continuous Planned _______________ Emergent OD Incremental, gradual, planed changes Organizational transformationDecisive, rapid,fundamental changes Chap. 18 Organizational Change Development 167。 Forces of Change Specific factors acting as stimulants for change Dynamic Changing environment ? Technology:IT automation,TQM program, BPR ? nature of the work force:more cultural diversity, increase in professions,many new entrants with inadequate skills ? economic shocks:security market crashes,interest rate fluctuations,foreign currency fluctuations ? petition:global petitions,mergers considerations,growth of specialty retailers ? social trends:increase in college attendance divorce rate, delayed marriages by young peoples ? world politics Planned Change ? Change:making things different. ? Planned Change:change activities that are intentional goaloriented. Accidental occurrence。change behavior ? order of magnitude:1storder:linear continuous, no fundamental shift。automation。 power, stakeholder,impetusnew er to managing change (1) 3Phase (Lewin’ s notion) ? Unfreezing:change effort to overe the pressures of both individual group conformity, ? implementation, equilibrium state ? Refreezing or institutionalization:stabilizing a change inter
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