【正文】 NOTE2 Quality objectives are generally specified for relevant functions and levels in the organization ().managementcoordinated activities to direct and control an organization ()NOTE In English, the term “management” sometimes refers to people, . a person or group of people with authority and responsibility for the conduct and control of an organization. When “management” is used in this sense it should always be used with some form of qualifier to avoid confusion with the concept “management” defined above. For example, “management shall…” is deprecated whereas “top management () shall …” is acceptable. top managementperson or group of people who direct and controls an organization () at the highest levelquality managementcoordinated activities to direct and control an organization () with regard to quality ()NOTE Direction and control with regard to quality generally includes establishment of the quality policy () and quality objectives (), quality planning () quality control (), quality assurance () and quality improvement (). quality planningpart of quality management () focused on setting quality objectives () and specifying necessary operational processes () and related resources to fulfill the quality objectivesNOTE Establishing quality plans () can be part of quality planning.quality controlpart of quality management () focused on fulfilling quality requirements ()quality assurancepart of quality management () focused on providing confidence that quality requirements () will be fulfilledquality improvementpart of quality management () focused on increasing the ability to fulfill quality requirements ()NOTE The requirements can be related to any aspect such as effectiveness (), efficiency (...15) or traceability ().continual improvementrecurring activity to increase the ability to fulfill requirements ()NOTE The process () of establishing objectives and finding opportunities for improvement is a continual process through the use of audit findings () and audit conclusions (), analysis of data, management reviews () or other means and generally leads to corrective action () or preventive action ().effectivenessextent to which planned activities are realized and planned results achieved efficiencyrelationship between the result achieved and the resources used Terms relating to organizationorganization group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationshipsEXAMLE Company, corporation, firm, enterprise, institution, charity, sole trader, association, or parts or bination thereof. NOTE 1 The arrangement is generally orderly.NOTE 2 An organization can be public or private.NOTE 3 This definition is valid for the purposes of quality management system () standards. The term “organization” is defined differently in ISO/IEC Guide 2. organizational structurearrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationships between peopleNOTE 1 The arrangement is generally orderly.NOTE 2 A formal expression of the organizational structure is often provided in a quality manual () or a quality plan () for a project ().NOTE 3 The scope of an organizational structure ca include relevant interfaces to external organizations ().infrastructureorganization system of facilities, equipment and services needed for the operation of an organization () work environmentset of conditions under which work is performedNOTE Conditions include physical, social, psychological and environmental factors (such as temperature, recognition schemes, ergonomics and atmospheric position).customerorganization () or person that receives a product ()EXAMPLE Consumer, client, enduser, retailer, beneficiary and purchaser.NOTE A customer can be internal or external to the organization.supplierorganization () or person that provides a product ()EXAMPLE Producer, distributor, retailer or vendor of a product, or provider of a service or information.NOTE 1 A supplier can be internal or external to the organization.NOTE 2 In a contractual situation a supplier is sometimes called “contractor.” interested partyperson or group having an interest in the performance or success of an organization ()EXAMPLE Customers (), owners, people in an organization, suppliers (), bankers, unions, partners or society. NOTE A group can prise an organization, a part thereof, or more than one organization. Terms relating to process and productprocessset of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputsNOTE 1 Inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes.NOTE 2 Processes in an organization () are generally planned and carried out under controlled conditions to add value.NOTE 3 A process where the conformity () of the resulting product () cannot be readily or economically verified is frequently referred to as a “special process.”productresult of a process ()NOTE1 There are four generic product categories, as follows: services (. transport)。g) formalizing changes.Results are reviewed, as necessary, to determine further opportunities for improvement. In this way, improvement is a continual activity. Feedback from customers and other interested parties, audits and review of the quality management system can also be used to identify opportunities for improvement. Role of statistical techniquesThe use of statistical techniques can help in understanding variability, and thereby can help organizations to solve problems and improve effectiveness and efficiency. These techniques also facilitate better use of available data to assist in decision making.Variability can be observed I the behaviour and oute of many activities, even under conditions of apparent stability. Such variability can be observed in measurable characteristics of products ad processes, and may be seen to exist at various stages ov