【正文】 erican and British literature？)　　答：　　It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs (水庫(kù)) of Modern English.　　 Miltion‘s Paradise Lost (失樂(lè)園)， Bunyan’s Pilgrim‘s Progress， Byron’s Cain， up to the contemporary (同時(shí)期的) Hemingway‘s The Sun Also Rises， and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章商旅　　About 1300 .， the Hebrews came to settle (定居) in Palestine.　　The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.　　The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝與上帝的教義　　The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義) of Jesus Christ.　　1The New Testament is， in essence (實(shí)質(zhì)上)， the four accounts (四福音書(shū))， written by the four 　　1The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.　　1Bible is representative of Christianity and 新舊約　　1The Old Testament名詞解釋　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.　　1The New Testament名詞解釋　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.　　1The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called 　　1Pentateuch名詞解釋The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (創(chuàng)世記)， Exodus (出埃及記)， Leviticus(教義記)， Numbers (逃亡記)， Deuteronomy (摩西遺言記)?！　、?After 395 (分裂時(shí)間)， the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West　?、?In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.　　④ The East Roman Empire collapsed (崩潰) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束)　　第二章人是衡量一切的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)　　The Cynics犬儒派　?、賃nder the leadership of Diogenes.　?、赥he word “cynic” means “dog” in English.　?、跦e proclaimed宣揚(yáng) his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and 　　The Sceptics置疑學(xué)派　?、賃nder the leadership of Pyrrhon.　?、贖is thought is not all knowledge was attainable可獲得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.　　The Epicureans享樂(lè)派　　①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 選擇：根據(jù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的名字直接命名　?、赑leasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 　　Pleasure could be attained by the practice of 　　Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of 　　The Stoics斯多哥派　　①Under the leadership of Zeno.　?、贖is thought is duty is the most important thing in life.　　One should endure忍受 hardship艱難 and misfortune不幸 with 　　Developed into Stoics‘ duty.　　He was also a materialist.　　四、What philosophy system did Plato established？　　(Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a prehensive綜合的 system of philosophy？ )　　答：　　It dealt with， among other things， the problem of how， in the plex， ever—changing world， men were to attain獲得 knowledge.　　The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.　　Idealistic of philosophy.　　Many of Plato‘s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. (吸收到基督教的思想中)　　五、What‘s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？　　答：　　 For one thing， Aristotle emphasized(強(qiáng)調(diào)) direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.(理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際)This is different from Plato‘s reliance(依賴) on subjective thinking.(萬(wàn)物依賴主觀思維)　　For another， he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete(具體的) individual(個(gè)別的) realities. (物質(zhì)與意識(shí)共同構(gòu)成的客觀事實(shí))Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意識(shí)高于物質(zhì))　　Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.(善良和期待)　　一句話簡(jiǎn)答題What should be man‘s aim in life？　　Aristotle‘s answer was： happiness.　　六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the lateron cultural development？　　(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert運(yùn)用 on the world civilization文化？)　　答：　　There has been an enduring excitement興奮 about classical經(jīng)典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere別處?！　?The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.　　3After 395，the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.　　3Cicero西賽羅he legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁語(yǔ)用詞　　described as 　　an enormous influence(巨大影響) on the development of European prose.(散文)　　3Julius Caesar mentaries批評(píng)論 “I came， I saw， I conquered.”　　3Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德　　3The pantheon was built in 27 .　　The world‘s first vast interior 　　The Colosseum(大理石像) it‘s an 　　4Sculpture(雕塑) Shewolf(母狼)　　4The representation form of Greek Democracy is 　　4The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizenassembly. 古希臘民主的具體形式　　論述簡(jiǎn)答　　一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？(名解簡(jiǎn)答)　　(How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？)　　答：　　① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.　　② Women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.　　二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？　　答：　　The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (裝飾性)　?、?The Corinthian style　　is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)　　1The famous temples： Th