【正文】 　　三、How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages？　　答：　　 feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (軍事力量)。一、In the middle ages， what cultures began to merge (融合)？　　答：　　Classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合)。(廣泛的，無處不在的)　　1St. Jerome， who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁語圣經(jīng))　　1Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)名詞解釋　　Between 300 and 500 .， many men withdrew from (放棄了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隱士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”， whose work is generally considered orthodox.(東正教)　　1Augustine —→ “Confession” (坦白) and “The City of God” (上帝之都)　　St. Benedict —→ founded Benedictine Rule about 529 . (專門給清修的人制定的法律)　　2The Inquisition (問訊廳) to stamp out socalled 　　2The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)　　2Crusades went on about 200 years.　　2There were altogether eight chief Crusades.　　2 (結(jié)束) By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.　　2Carolingian Renaissance名詞解釋　　Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne‘s name in Latin， Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有見解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.　　2Roger Bacon‘s work was the Opus maius.　　2National Epics(民族史詩運動)名詞解釋　　The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族國家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics.　　2Chaucer (喬叟) 的詩歌特點： ① power of observation (觀察)　?、?piercing irony (敏銳的諷刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (溫暖的人性)　　與狄更斯相似Gothic名詞解釋① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.　?、?It lasted from the mid12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.　?、?The Gothic was an outgrowth (豐富與發(fā)展) of the Romanesque.(羅馬式)　　3The Canterbury Tales：　?、?The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.　?、?Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(壓頭韻)　　③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.　　論述簡答 The word “feudalism” was derived (來源) from the Latin “feudum”， a grant (許可的) of land.　　fiefs(次劃分)名詞解釋In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (獎賞) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.　　vassals (占有fiefs的人)名詞解釋　　In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (獎賞) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.　　code of chivalry (騎士制度)名詞解釋　　As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.　　dubbing (騎士頭銜加冕儀式)名詞解釋　　After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (選擇) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.　　1knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模擬戰(zhàn)場)　　1The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)　　1The Manor (領(lǐng)地所有制)名詞解釋　　The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (農(nóng)場主)。 The Latin language became the official language.　　三、What are the different translation editions of the Bible？　　答：　　 The oldest extant (現(xiàn)存的) Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.　　The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition， which was done in 385405 . By St. Jerome in mon people‘s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.　　 The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (改革者) led by John Wycliff.　　After John Wycliff‘s version， appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek 　　 The Great Bible (大圣經(jīng)) ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale‘s work.　　The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”(官方版圣經(jīng)) or “King James” version， first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the mand of King James. With its simple， majestic (高雅的) AngloSaxon tongue， it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.　　The Revised Version appeared in 1885， and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. (美國英語版)　　The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.　　四、What is the great significance of the translations of the bible？　　(What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the Am