【正文】 六、 What is the great significant of the English Revolution？ It was the first time that capitalism has defeated (擊敗 ) absolute monarchy (君主專制 ) in history. The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching (接近 )。 Copernicus、 Kepler、 Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits (價(jià)值 ) which favoured the advance of science.(推動(dòng) ) First， they showed boldness (大膽性 ) in framing hypotheses.(假定框架 ) Second， they all had immense (極大的 ) patience (耐性 ) in observation. The bination (組合 ) of the two merits brought about fundamental (根本的 ) changes in man?s scientific and philosophical thinking. 五、 What are the characteristics of French classicism？ (How does French classicism differ from the other classicism？ ) In the French classical literature， man was viewed (認(rèn)為 ) as a social being consciously (有意識(shí)的 ) and willingly (自動(dòng)的 ) subject (主體 ) to discipline (紀(jì)律 )。 It intended to produce a literature， French to the core (以法語為中心 )， which was worthy of (與 … 相媲美 ) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主義 ) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德國的歌德？席勒 二、 Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional (過渡的 ) period from middle ages to the modern times？ This advance (前進(jìn) ) began in science， in astronomy (天文學(xué) )， physics and pure mathematics (純粹數(shù)學(xué) )， owing to the work of Galileo， Kepler， Newton and Descartes. The outlook (世界觀 ) of educated men was transformed. There was a profound (深遠(yuǎn)的 ) change in the conception (概念 ) of men?s place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置 ) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class (新興的階級(jí) )， the bourgeoisie (資產(chǎn)階級(jí) )， and other chasses. The modern world， so far as mental outlook is concerned， begins in the 17th century. 三、 How did science develop in the 17th century？ Copernicus： Heliocentric (日心說 ) Kepler： ① Kepler?s Laws of plaary motion. (開普勒行星定律 ) ② Kepler proved Copernicus Heliocentric theory to be true. ③ Kepler?s Laws formed the basis of all modern plaary astronomy and led to Newton?s discovery of the laws of gravitation. (萬有引力理論 ) Galile① He made a telescope. (望遠(yuǎn)鏡 ) ② Galileo also proved Copernicus Heliocentric theory to be true. ③ Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. (動(dòng)力加速度 ) ④ Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies. (落體理論的奠定 ) Newton： ① He invented calculus. (微積分 ) ② In optics (光學(xué) )， he discovered that white light is posed (組成 ) of all the colour of the spectrum.(光譜 ) ③ Newton established his name (聲望 ) in the field of physics. ④ Newton established the analytical method. (分析方法理論 ) Leibniz： ① Leibniz distinguishes three levels of understanding： the selfconscious (自我意識(shí) ) the conscious and the unconscious or subconscious (無意識(shí)或下意識(shí) ) This theory had a great influence on Freudian psychology. ② This theory of time and space had a great influence on einsteinian physics. ③ He and Newton invented independently the differential (互不相關(guān)的 ) and intergral (整合性的 ) calculus.(微積分 ) 四、 What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？ (Do you think there is something in mon among the 17th century scientists？ If there is， present your ideas on the statement.) During the 17th century， the modern Scientific method began to take shape (初見端倪 )。 Columbus： Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage (航行 ) he explored (探測(cè) ) the coast (海岸 ) of Central America(中美洲 )。 六、 Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end？ 答： The feuds (不合 ) of families， the conflicts of classes and the rivalry (競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ) between the citystates kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional local order.(停滯不前 ) In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy (優(yōu)勢(shì) ) because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding (環(huán)繞 ) of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488， the opening of an allwater route (全線貫通 ) to India which provided (供應(yīng) ) a cheaper means of transport. 七、 How did capitalism rise and develop in Europe？ 答： Protestantism was prepared for capitalist development. Imagination， creation and free thinking (思維 )。 There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas. 五、 What are the characteristics of Renaissance art？ (How does Renaissance art differ from the other kinds of arts？ ) 答： Art broke away from the domination of the church. Themes of paintings changed to appreciation(鑒賞 ) of all aspects of nature and man. The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles (原則信念 ) of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors (私人收藏品 )。 This recovery of power is often called by historians the CounterReformation. 四、 Why do we say Renaissance fir