【正文】 rer —— The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse —— Knight, Death and the Devil 2文藝復(fù)興影響到達(dá)英國晚的原因： The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade. 2在英國達(dá)到文藝復(fù)興高潮的第一個原因： It was to produce some towering figures (頂級人物 ) in the English. William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More. 第二個原因： The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability on the one hand and economic prosperity on the other. 2 England began to embark (從事 ) on the road to colonization (殖民擴(kuò)張 ) and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday (鼎盛 ) of capitalist development. 2 William Shakespeare 悲劇 —→ Hamlet ( 哈姆雷特 ), Othello (奧賽羅 ), King Lear (李爾王 ), Macbeth (麥克白 ) 喜劇 —→ As You Like It and Twelfth Night ( 第十二夜 ) 2 Copernicus (哥白尼 ): —→ C entric (日心說 ) Which was proved by Kepler and Galieo? Centric (日心說 ) 2 Dante: The equality of the divine power and the secular power. What is the great significance of the reformation? (What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?) The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court (法院 ) to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for. Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains (利益 ) to the Pope. In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly (壟斷 ) of the church was broken. In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge (挑戰(zhàn) ) the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular. In spirit, absolute obedience (盲從 ) became outmolded (不復(fù)存在 ) and the spirit of quest (探索 ), debate (爭論 ), was ushered in by the reformists. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture? The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. (給 … 以致命打擊 ) Division Five The Seventeenth Century The first time to look at men’s place in the Universe started in the 17th century. In modernism, men’s position in the universe was looked at in a fresh new way. The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置 ) The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature. 17th century Science: ☆ physics ☆ mathematics ☆ chemistry biology psychology The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century. Kepler’s Laws formed the basis of all modern plaary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation the laws of gravitation (萬有引力的內(nèi)容 ): the sun, the moon, the earth, the plas, and all the other bodies (天體 ) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation. Francis Bacon’s works —→ The Advancement of Learning —→ The New Atlantis —→ The Novum Organum (New Method) —→ Essays ( 散文集 ) Essays are Bacon’s most widely read work， 58 essays were included. Francis Bacon ① Knowledge is power. (知識就是力量 ) ② Virtue is like precious odours — most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed. 品德像寶貴的氣味－當(dāng)被壓碎或焚香時很芳香 ③ Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed (大致瀏覽 ), and some few to be chewed and digested.(翻翻而已 ) ④ Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.(純粹的人 ) 讀書可以使人成竹在胸 ⑤ Histories make men wise. (學(xué)史可以使人明智 ) ⑥ Wives are young men’s mistresses (情人 ), panions (伴侶 ) for middleage, and old men’s nurses.(照顧人的人 ) 1 Tomas Hobbes —→ Leviathan 1 Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. 1 Hobbes —→ abso lute Monarchy (君主制 ) Locke —→ Constitutional Monarchy ( 君主立憲制 ) 1 The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution. 1 Democracy (民主的體現(xiàn)是 ) —→ Parliament ( 議會 ) （希臘民主的體現(xiàn)是公民大會） 1 1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament (議會 ). 1 Milton —→ Paradise Lost ( 失樂園 ) The fall of men (圣經(jīng)的舊約 ) Satan 1 Theory of Knowledge 認(rèn)知論 Descartes employed methodic doubt (置疑方法論 ) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的 ) truth. I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am. Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind . Descartes believed that they are not dependable. 1 Classicism (新古典主義 ) Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to wor ks of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicis m of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core (以法語為中心 ), which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德國的歌德 ?席勒 ) French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主義的復(fù)蘇 ). 2 Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism. 2 Moli232。 They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. Supreme Achievement至高無上的成就 The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, edy, historical writing, architecture, etc. Lasting effect 持續(xù)的影響 ① Countless writers have quoted, borrowed fr