【正文】 sses. They came to be called castles.　　1After 1054， the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.　　1 The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve (保留) and pass on the heritage (傳統(tǒng)) of the Roman Empire.　　1The word “catholic”， meant “universal”。(廣泛的，無處不在的)　　1St. Jerome， who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁語圣經(jīng))　　1Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)名詞解釋　　Between 300 and 500 .， many men withdrew from (放棄了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隱士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”， whose work is generally considered orthodox.(東正教)　　1Augustine —→ “Confession” (坦白) and “The City of God” (上帝之都)　　St. Benedict —→ founded Benedictine Rule about 529 . (專門給清修的人制定的法律)　　2The Inquisition (問訊廳) to stamp out socalled 　　2The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)　　2Crusades went on about 200 years.　　2There were altogether eight chief Crusades.　　2 (結束) By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.　　2Carolingian Renaissance名詞解釋　　Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne‘s name in Latin， Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有見解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.　　2Roger Bacon‘s work was the Opus maius.　　2National Epics(民族史詩運動)名詞解釋　　The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族國家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics.　　2Chaucer (喬叟) 的詩歌特點： ① power of observation (觀察)　?、?piercing irony (敏銳的諷刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (溫暖的人性)　　與狄更斯相似Gothic名詞解釋① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.　　② It lasted from the mid12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.　?、?The Gothic was an outgrowth (豐富與發(fā)展) of the Romanesque.(羅馬式)　　3The Canterbury Tales：　　① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.　?、?Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(壓頭韻)　?、?Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.　　論述簡答一、In the middle ages， what cultures began to merge (融合)？　　答：　　Classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合)。 It paved the way for the development of what is the presentday European 　　二、Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？名詞解釋和簡答　　答：　　 During the Medieval (中世紀) times there was no central (中央的) government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite (團結) Europe was the Christian church.　　The Christian church continued to gain (贏得) widespread (普及的) power and influence.　　 In the Late middle ages， almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics， law， art， and learning (思想領域) for hundreds of years.　　It shaped (形成) people‘s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”?！　∪?、How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages？　　答：　　 feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (軍事力量)。 The word “feudalism” was derived (來源) from the Latin “feudum”， a grant (許可的) of land.　　In order to seek the protection of large landowners， the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large landowners， but they still had freedom， they were called freemen.　　While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large landowners， and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.　　In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (獎賞) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.　　There came a form of local and decentralized (分散化的) government.　　 As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.　　四、What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture？　　(What is the great significance of the Crusades？)　　答：　　 The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了東西方的交流)　　During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine， kings at home found opportunities (機會) to strengthen (加強) themselves. Thus among other things， Crusades helped to break down feudalism， which， in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主專制) 霍布斯主張君主專制　　 Besides， through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems， the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire (期望) for wealth or power began to overshadow (戰(zhàn)勝) their religious ideals.　　The Crusades also resulted in renewing people‘s interest in learning and i