【正文】 not made in Japan.這種機(jī)器不是日本制造的。②與過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài) are wanted on the phone, Miss Green.你的電話，格林小姐。主要變化形式如下表所示：　　助動(dòng)詞be的各種縮略形式如下表所示：①與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) are playing an interesting game.我們在做一個(gè)有趣的游戲。will用于各種人稱They will go on a piic next Sunday.他們下星期天去野餐。代替主要?jiǎng)釉~She dances as well as I do.她跳舞和我一樣好。do構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句Do you love music?你喜歡音樂嗎？I didn’t know you were ing.我不知道你要來。構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)She is nice and kind.她很善良。助動(dòng)詞功能例句be構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)I am studying in Canada now.我現(xiàn)在正在加拿大學(xué)習(xí)。Do you dare (to) drive a car on such a crowded road?你敢在這么擁擠的街道上開車嗎?5．助動(dòng)詞　　助動(dòng)詞的特征：助動(dòng)詞本身沒有意義，只是幫助實(shí)義動(dòng)詞完成某些語法功能，如表示時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)，構(gòu)成否定句、疑問句、簡略答語等。 suppose he dares to tell the manager the truth.我想他敢告訴經(jīng)理事實(shí)的真相。 will rain this afternoon, I dare say.我想今天下午會(huì)下雨。如果你敢違反規(guī)定，就會(huì)受到處罰。 he tell them what he knows?他敢告訴他們他所知道的嗎?I’m afraid you dare not/daren’t do such a thing.我恐怕你不敢做這樣的事。 actually needn’t have bought so much wine—only three guests came.其實(shí)我當(dāng)初沒必要買這么多酒，只來了三個(gè)客人。/不必。這個(gè)星期天我有必要去北京參加一個(gè)書展。②作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞　　need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后面要跟帶to的不定式，其否定式、疑問式同普通動(dòng)詞的變化一樣。/不，沒必要。Had I better not tell anyone about today’s discussion?Hadn’t I better tell anyone about today’s discussion?Had I not better tell anyone about today’s discussion?我最好不把今天所討論的內(nèi)容告訴任何人嗎？（10）need的用法①用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞　　need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，對(duì)疑問句的肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t。I’m afraid you’d better have a good rest to save energy for tomorrow’s work.恐怕你最好休息一下，為明天的工作積蓄點(diǎn)力量。had better和漢語的“你最好……”意義略有不同，you’d better是一種“命令”口氣，含有“我說了，你得聽”的味道，故下級(jí)對(duì)上級(jí)、晚輩對(duì)長輩不適宜用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。注意：be about to不與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packet on the floor.弗蘭克正要離開，這時(shí)他注意到地板上有一個(gè)大包?！痶 walk around. We are about to have dinner.不要到處走動(dòng)了，我們馬上準(zhǔn)備吃飯了。（8）be about to的用法　　be about to如同will，shall，be going to一樣，也能表達(dá)將來時(shí)間。 work this afternoon is to take care of these children.你今天下午的工作就是照顧好這些孩子。 prize was to honor him for his great discoveries.這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)品是為他的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)而獎(jiǎng)給他的。 was to have seen him last Wednesday but he did not e.我本來上周三就能見到他的，可他沒來。If you are to succeed, you must redouble your efforts.如果你想成功，就必須加倍努力。 we to gather under the big clock at the station at ten o’clock?我們得上午十點(diǎn)在車站的大鐘下集合嗎?Where am I to fix up the tent, opposite the rock or just under the tree?我該在哪里搭起帳篷，在巖石的對(duì)面還是在樹下?④在if條件句中，表示意圖，相當(dāng)于“想要、打算”。The medicine is to be taken three times a day after meals.這種藥每天飯后吃三次。 are to finish your homework before you watch TV.你得先完成作業(yè)才能看電視。John and Mary are to be married in September.約翰和瑪麗準(zhǔn)備九月結(jié)婚。（7）be to的用法①表示事先同意安排或計(jì)劃要做的事。He would phone me on Sundays.他總是星期天打電話給我。Did she use to be a clerk?她過去是職員嗎?用法比較：　　would與used to表示“過去總……”的用法區(qū)別　　would用于過去時(shí)，帶有主觀性，僅表示動(dòng)作，不表示狀態(tài)；used to具有客觀性，著眼于與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比，可與過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。其一般疑問句形式是將used提到主語前或用Did…use[ju:s] to的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。（6）used to的用法　　used的發(fā)音為[ju:st]，表示“過去常常、過去是”，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以與過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。他會(huì)坐幾個(gè)小時(shí)而不說話。④表示習(xí)慣或特性will用于現(xiàn)在，would用于過去，帶有主觀性。③will表示規(guī)律性的“注定會(huì)” will die without air or water.人離開水和空氣將會(huì)死的。 you e this way, please?你能走這條路嗎?Won’t you e in and take a seat? We’ve already started the class.你怎么不進(jìn)來找個(gè)位子坐下?我們已經(jīng)上課了。②表示請(qǐng)求與you連用表示請(qǐng)求或要求，用won’t you加強(qiáng)邀請(qǐng)的語氣。Mary said she would arrange everything for him.瑪麗說她會(huì)為他安排好一切。would用于過去的情況。You oughtn’t to have taken the city map. I’m familiar with each part.你本沒必要帶城市地圖的，我對(duì)這里的每一個(gè)地方都很熟悉。 are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.你來遲了。 seats ought to be enough for all the guests.這些座位應(yīng)該夠所有的客人坐了。We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.我們應(yīng)該明天去看看瑪麗，可我認(rèn)為不行。should多表達(dá)自己的主觀看法；ought to則多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務(wù)和規(guī)定(或要使自己的意見聽起來像義務(wù)和法律一樣有力)時(shí)使用。You ought to make an apology to Joan.你應(yīng)該向瓊道歉。A．表示職責(zé)和義務(wù)，提出要求，及人們應(yīng)該去做正確的事或好事。當(dāng)時(shí)還有時(shí)間。我本預(yù)料你會(huì)的。她隨時(shí)都可能來到。 should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.準(zhǔn)是麥克拿走了所有的材料。It’s unthinkable that the boy should sing such a beautiful song.這孩子竟能唱這么好的歌，真令人難以置信。 do you think I should deal with all kinds of rumors?你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)各種各樣的謠言?Should I help you with the munity affairs?我可以幫你做一些社區(qū)事務(wù)嗎?D．表示說話人的特殊情感表示說話人的特殊感情，如驚奇、憤怒、失望等。B．表達(dá)義務(wù)、職責(zé)等 think today’s children should really learn to respect their elders.我認(rèn)為今天的孩子應(yīng)當(dāng)好好學(xué)習(xí)尊敬長輩。A．表示征求意見作為shall的過去式，用于第一、第三人稱，多用在間接引語中，以征求對(duì)方的意見。Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.我們俱樂部的成員應(yīng)該穿統(tǒng)一制服。 reader shall take a book out of the library without the librarian’s permission.不經(jīng)管理員同意，讀者不準(zhǔn)把書帶出圖書館。You shall be punished for what you’ve done.你應(yīng)為你所做的受到處罰。 shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.到明天你就會(huì)得到我的答復(fù)。 I change into the evening dress for your party?我可以穿晚禮服參加你的晚會(huì)嗎?Shall we put off the sports meet until next month?我們能否將運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲到下個(gè)月?Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?湯姆明天可以和我一起去嗎?Henry is waiting outside. Shall he e in, sir?亨利正在門外等著，可以讓他進(jìn)來嗎，先生?注意：shall作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞的意義差別很大，一定要根據(jù)句意、上下文進(jìn)行理解和使用。shall，should和ought to的用法①shall的用法　　shall作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的各種形式與作助動(dòng)詞的形式相同。You must have read this book, for you are so familiar with the details of it.你肯定讀過這本書，因?yàn)槟銓?duì)它的細(xì)節(jié)很熟悉。 I called Jane, there was no answer. She must have been out.我去叫簡，沒人應(yīng)。 must you find another job while you have got one?你已有一份工作，為什么偏偏再找一份?Why must it rain on Sunday?偏要在星期天下雨，討厭!④must have done　　可以表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情的推測或?qū)κ欠褚淹瓿傻氖虑檫M(jìn)行推測。他上班還沒回來。 must have some problems. She keeps crying.瑪麗肯定有點(diǎn)不舒服，她老是哭。)②must表示推論　　must在肯定句中表示對(duì)一件事非常有把握的推測。)Have you got to leave so early?你必須這么早就走嗎？(一般疑問形式將have提到主語前。 haven’t got to make your child attend so many classes.你沒必要讓孩子參加那么多班。注意：have to在英國口語中常用have got to代替。 these exhibits mustn’t be touched, but the ones over there can.這些展品不能動(dòng)，不過那邊那些可以。Doctors told me I must burn my fat.醫(yī)生告訴我必須得減肥。must可以用在引出間接引語的動(dòng)詞過去式之后。The children have to get up early to catch the first bus.孩子們不得不早起趕早班車。must多表示依談后人或聽話人而定的義務(wù)，即主觀的，have to多表示來自“外界”壓力的義務(wù)，即客觀的。（3）must，have to的用法　　must的否定形式為must not，其縮略形式為mustn’t[5mQsnt]。He can’t believe your socalled excuses.他不可能相信你的所謂的理由。 may e or may not e. I’m not too sure about that.他可能來，也可能不來。Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?彼得或許