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2025-07-30 19:47本頁(yè)面
【正文】 o be literary. Two changes in Tynjaov’s thinking became apparent: first, “l(fā)iterariness” could not be defined outside of second, formal unities receded in importance as the systemic laws were elevated.Tynjaov’s major contribution to literary theory was to extend, in a logical fashion, the parameters of formalism to include literary and norms. EvenZohar:EvenZohar adopted Tynjanov’s concept of system. He developed the polysystem hypothesis while working on a model for Israeli Hebrew literature. In a serious of papers written from 1970 and 1977 and collect in 1978 as “Papers in Historical Poetics” He first introduced the term “polysystem” to refer to the entire network of correlated system within society. Thus, it is a global term covering all of the literary system both major and minor existing in a given culture.He developed an approach called polysystem theory to attempt to the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture from the central canonical texts to the most marginal noncanonical texts. Toury:He believes that descriptive study is very important, and he distinguishes three kinds of translation norms: preliminary, initial and operational norms.Several aspects of Toury’s theory have contributed to development withing the field:(1) the abandonment of onetoone notions of correspondence as well as the possibility off literary/linguistic equivalence (2) the involvement of literary tendencies within the target culture system in the production of any translated text.(3) the destabilization of the notion of an original message with a fixed identity。 Lev253。 Hans Vermeer。Nida simplifies Chomsky’s transformationgenerative grammar and adopt only the later two part of the model in order to validate his science.3. Wolfram WilssWilss’s science of translation is divided into three related but separate branches of research: (1) a description of a “general science” of translation which involves translation theory. (2) “descriptive studies” of translation relating empirical phenomenon of translation equivalence。He does not claim that the deep structure are universal.The form of a particular language does not necessarily equal the form of another.2. NidaHe proposed formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence。People practiced translation, but they were never quite sure what they
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