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醫(yī)學(xué)影像診斷學(xué)總結(jié)考試要點doc-文庫吧資料

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【正文】 。 肺門影是由肺動脈、肺靜脈、支氣管、淋巴組織構(gòu)成。呼吸系統(tǒng) 空氣支氣管征(air bronchogram sign):Because the air in the alveoli(肺泡) is replaced by exudates (滲出物), while the air in the bronchus is not displaced and remain patent(明顯). This produces contrast between the air in the bronchial tree and the surrounding airless parenchyma肺實質(zhì)(肺實變可見) 原發(fā)型肺結(jié)核綜合征 (primary plex tuberculosis): The bination of the primary pulmonary tuberculous focus?(原發(fā)肺結(jié)節(jié)狀腫塊), lymphangitis(淋巴管炎) and intrathoracic lymphadenitis is known as the primary plex tuberculosis. It occurs chiefly in children. 反“S”征 肺野劃分:沿第4前肋下緣水平畫線將肺野分為上中下肺野?;顒悠诒憩F(xiàn):最早是臨時鈣化帶模糊,消失,然后骨質(zhì)密度減低、干骺端膨大,干骺端杯口狀、臨時鈣化帶 毛刷狀、骨骺與干骺端距離 增寬、肋骨串珠、骨骼變形2 良惡性骨腫瘤的鑒別診斷良性惡性生長情況生長緩慢,不侵及臨近組織,無轉(zhuǎn)移生長迅速,侵及臨近組織器官,可遠處轉(zhuǎn)移局部骨變化與正常骨界限清晰浸潤型生長,與正常骨界模糊,可有腫瘤骨骨膜增生一般無,病理骨折后可有少量多出現(xiàn)不同形式的骨膜增生,并可被腫瘤侵犯破壞,形成骨膜三角周圍軟組織變化多不累及周圍軟組織多累及周圍軟組織形成腫塊,與周圍軟組織分界不清2慢性關(guān)節(jié)性疾病★X線表現(xiàn):①關(guān)節(jié)間隙輕度不對稱性變窄(負重面明顯)②關(guān)節(jié)軟骨下骨質(zhì)增生硬化(負重面)③骨性關(guān)節(jié)面下方囊狀透光區(qū)(假囊液或纖維浸潤所致)④關(guān)節(jié)邊緣骨贅形成⑤關(guān)節(jié)周圍韌帶鈣化⑥一般無明顯骨質(zhì)疏松2類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎★X線表現(xiàn):①多發(fā)對稱性小關(guān)節(jié)腫脹②病程長,以年計③骨性關(guān)節(jié)面模糊,關(guān)節(jié)面下多發(fā)小囊狀透光區(qū)④常合并明顯骨質(zhì)疏松、肌肉萎縮(長期功能障礙所致)⑤晚期:關(guān)節(jié)纖維強直、變形、脫位臨床特點:①好發(fā)于四肢小關(guān)節(jié),多發(fā)性、對稱性梭形腫脹; ②全身癥狀:。X線表現(xiàn)見上。l 脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤:多為多個跳躍性椎體廣泛性骨質(zhì)破壞,因承重壓縮變扁,椎間隙不窄,椎弓根等附件多受累破壞。l 脊椎骨折:多有外傷史,易發(fā)生于脊柱活動較大的部位,如胸腰段;一般單個椎體壓縮變扁,不見骨折線,反見一致密影,無椎間狹窄,不累及軟組織。2 (成)骨肉瘤(1) X線征象:①骨質(zhì)破壞與腫瘤骨形成(三型比例不同)②骨膜反應(yīng),骨膜三角 ③軟組織腫塊 ④病理骨折(2) X線分型:溶骨型、成骨型、混合型(3) 好發(fā)于長骨干骺端2 骨巨細胞瘤(1) 特點:骨端、偏心性、橫向生長,腫瘤內(nèi)無鈣化或骨化,無骨膜反應(yīng) (2) 分型:分房型,溶骨型(3) 惡性征象:①骨質(zhì)破壞,邊緣不規(guī)則、蟲蝕狀;②骨性間隔破壞中斷;③軟組織腫塊。1 長骨結(jié)核:主要是骨骺、干骺部結(jié)核,骨干結(jié)核很少見。分為邊緣型和中央型。 ②起病急,X線改變的出現(xiàn)以天計。(3) 好發(fā)部位:長骨干骺端(血供豐富,血流緩慢)1 慢性化膿性骨髓炎:系急性化膿性骨髓炎治療不恰當(dāng)發(fā)展而來(1) 臨床:皮膚瘺管長期排膿或時好時發(fā)。1 急性化膿性骨髓炎(1) 影像學(xué)的骨骼改變——晚于臨床2周(軟組織先發(fā)生改變)X線表現(xiàn)特點:以骨質(zhì)破壞為主,有不同程度骨膜增生, 可有死骨形成; 骨質(zhì)增生不明顯。密度增高(相對高密度、絕對高密度)。X線表現(xiàn): 按形態(tài)分為線形、層形、垂直形、放射形、花邊形。X線表現(xiàn): 骨密度減低; 骨皮質(zhì)、骨小梁模糊; 常伴骨骼變形。X線表現(xiàn):骨密度增高;骨皮質(zhì)增厚,骨小梁增多、增粗;骨干增粗,骨髓腔變窄、消失。X線表現(xiàn):骨密度減低;骨皮質(zhì)變薄、分層;骨小梁變細、減少。X線表現(xiàn):骨質(zhì)局限性密度減低,骨質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)消失形成骨質(zhì)缺損。X線表現(xiàn)為部分骨皮質(zhì)橫行斷裂,或表現(xiàn)為一側(cè)的骨皮質(zhì)局部發(fā)生褶皺隆起,長骨輕微彎曲變形,形似折而不斷的柳枝) 兒童長骨和成人長骨的區(qū)別:兒童長骨分部:骨干(diaphysis)干骺端(metaphysis)(含臨時鈣化帶) 骨骺(epiphysis) 骨骺板(epiphyseal plate) 成人的長骨分骨干和骨端。骨骼系統(tǒng) Codman triangle: is due to direct erosion(侵蝕) of the already formed periosteal new bone by fast growing tumor Destruction of bone: bone substance, both the cortex and the spongy bone are destroyed and replaced pathological tissue. Colles’s fracture: the fracture line is within 23cm from the articular end of the radius ,the distal fragment is displaced dorsally(背向) and radially and is often associated with fracture of the styloid process(莖突) of the ulna(尺骨) and separation(脫位) of the radioulnar joint(橈尺關(guān)節(jié)) Osteonecrosis(骨質(zhì)壞死):Occurs when metabolism of bone cells cease(終止) forever from local ischemia(局部缺血) of bone. The chief characteristic that is responsible for the radiographic definition of dead bone is its apparent increase in density. Greenstick fracture(青枝骨折):greenstick fracture occur almost exclusively(專有的) during infancy and childhood. It is not easy for external force to cause the bone cortex(骨皮質(zhì)) plete break because of its pliant(柔韌), so this kind of fracture showed buckling(扣?。?(or fold(折疊))(or denting(凹痕)) of the cortex without fracture lines or a transverse fracture occurs in the cortex(皮質(zhì)的橫行斷裂), extending into the midport of the bone and then orienting along the longitudinal axis(縱軸) of the bone without disrupting the opposite cortex.(指發(fā)生于幼兒和青少年長骨骨干的不完全性骨折。尿路造影表現(xiàn)為少數(shù)X線陰性結(jié)石為低密度的充盈缺損,可隨體位變換移動。(3) KUB表現(xiàn):腎盂內(nèi)致密結(jié)節(jié)影,鑄型結(jié)石,鹿角狀結(jié)石。 腎積水,表現(xiàn)為腎盞腎盂的明顯擴張,常見于腫瘤,結(jié)石,血塊,炎性狹窄。囊壁有鈣化時,CT 可見弧形致密的囊壁。 腎囊腫(1) 超聲為首選(2) USG表現(xiàn):圓形或近圓
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