【正文】 opment level is slightly lower t han t he int er nat ional. The design is mainly ar m welding machine by PLC Aut omat ion contr ol. This of design let designer s on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, under st and has some usualy didn39。 備案和審查（第三版教材新增內(nèi)容，以下簡稱 “三版新增 ”） ○ 1備案：行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)（含自治條例、單行條例）、規(guī)章應(yīng)當(dāng)在公布后的 30日內(nèi)，依照《立法法》的規(guī)定報有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)備案。 ○ 2部門規(guī)章與地方性法規(guī)沖突，由國務(wù)院提出意見，若國務(wù)院認(rèn)為應(yīng)該適用部門規(guī)章，應(yīng)當(dāng)提請全國人大常委會裁決。 ( 2) Dist ribut ed Cont r ol Syst em ( DCS f or short ), and ( 3) t he Pr ogrammable Logical Contr oler ( PLC f or shor t) . 2. 1. 2 PLC and t he I PC and DCS cont r ast cont rast 1, each of t he t hr ee t echnol gies of origins and evelopment r equir em ents f or f ast data pr ocessing m akes it invent ed t he puter. The men br ought in t erm s of har dwar e t here, using a high level of st andar dization, can use m or e pat ibilt y t ools, is a r ich soft war e r esources, especially t he need f or im mediacy in oper ational systems. So t he puter can eff ectively cont rol is used t o contr ol and m eet i s speed, on t he vir t ual m odel, r eal tim e and in putational r equir em ents. Dist ributed system start ed wit h a cont rol syst em f or industrial aut om at ic instr um ent used t o cont rol, wher eas now it is successf uly developed int o indust rial contr ol put er used as a cent ral colection and ist ribution syst em and tr ansit ion of distr ibut ed contr ol system in analogue handling, loop contr ol, has begun t o r eflect he use of a huge advantage. Though distr ibut ed syst em has great advant ages in loop r egulat ion, but only as a m eans of continuous process contr ol. Optim izat ion of PLC is t he cor responding r elay needs was born, it s main use in t he work order cont rol, ear ly prim ar y is r eplaced relay this hulking syst em, focused on t he swit ch cont roling t he runni g or der of f unctions. Marked by t he micr opr ocessor in t he early 1970 of t he 20th cent ur y emer ged, micr o electr onics technology has developed r apidly, people soon micr oelectr onics pr ocessing technology wil be used in t he Pr ogr amm able Logical Cont roler ( that is （ 1012P35） 法的 形式 制定機(jī)關(guān) 表現(xiàn)形式及示例 效力等級 可設(shè)置的 處罰種類 1憲法（典） 全國人大 《中華人民共和國憲法》 最高 不得抵觸，否則無效 2法律 （狹義） 全國人大（基本）及其常委會（一般） 《民法通則》《刑法》《合同法》；《建筑法》《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》《安全生產(chǎn)法》；《 XX法》 僅次于憲法；注意《立法法》中規(guī)定的 “法律保留事項(xiàng) ”1 各種刑罰以及行政處罰（只有《刑法》可以設(shè)定刑罰） 3行政法規(guī) 國務(wù)院（中央政府、最高行政機(jī)關(guān)） 《建設(shè)工程安全生產(chǎn)條例》《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理?xiàng)l例》；《 XX條例》 低于憲法、法律 立法依據(jù)：為執(zhí)行法律、憲法規(guī)定、人大授權(quán) 限制人身自由以外的行政處罰 4 地方法規(guī)、自治條例、單行條例 省 級 、省 會市、較大市的人 大 及其 常委會 《 黑龍江省建筑市場管理?xiàng)l例》《上海市軌道交通管理?xiàng)l例》；《 XX省 /市 XX條例》 低于法律、行政法規(guī)；立法依據(jù)：為執(zhí)行法律法規(guī)；地方事務(wù)需要 限制人身自由、吊銷企業(yè)營業(yè)執(zhí)照以外的行政處罰 5部門（部委）規(guī)章 國 務(wù) 院組 成部委、直屬機(jī)構(gòu)（具有行政主 體 資格 的部門） 《工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目施工招標(biāo)投標(biāo)辦法》《建筑業(yè)企業(yè)資質(zhì)管理規(guī)定》；《 XX行業(yè) XX規(guī)定 /決定 /辦法》 低于法律、法規(guī) 細(xì)化上位法規(guī)定的行政處罰，設(shè)立警告、罰款的行政處罰 6地方政府規(guī)章 省 級 、省 會市、較大市人民政府 《北京市建筑工程施工許可辦法》《上海市軌道交 通運(yùn)營安全管理辦法》；《 XX規(guī)定 /決定 /辦法》 低于法律、法規(guī)，低于同級、上級地方性法規(guī) 細(xì)化上位法規(guī)定的行政處罰，設(shè)立警告、罰款的行政處罰 1 《立法法》第八條規(guī)定下列事項(xiàng)只能制定法律： 1國家主權(quán)事項(xiàng) 2人大、政府、法院、檢察院的產(chǎn)生、組織和職權(quán) 3民族區(qū)域自治制度、特別行政區(qū)制度、基層群眾自治制度 4犯罪和刑罰 5對公民政治權(quán)利的剝奪、限制人身自由6非國有財產(chǎn)征收 7民事基本制度 8基本和重要經(jīng)濟(jì)制度 9訴訟和仲裁制度 10其他 其中 9為法律絕對保留事項(xiàng)，即不可以授權(quán)立法，由國務(wù)院先行制訂行政法規(guī) （ 1012P56） 憲法至上 上位法優(yōu)于下位法 特別法優(yōu)于一般法（前提為 “同一機(jī)關(guān)制定 ”） 新法優(yōu)于舊法（前提為 “同一機(jī)關(guān)制定 ”） 需要由有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)裁決適用的特殊情況 同一機(jī)關(guān)制定：新的一般法與舊的特別法之間沖突；由制定機(jī)關(guān)裁決。s m oder n i dustr ial aut omation t echnol gy t he subst ant ial incr ease in t he level of indust rial aut omation, pleted t he perf ect r elay of t he puter t oo m uch. I n t erm s of contr oling t he put er showed his t wo great advantages: ( 1) each of t he har dware can be installed on one or more micr opr ocessor s。t oppor t unit ies awareness in wor ld r ange wit hin some leading level of knowledge has has m ust awar eness, hope designers can in yihou of design in t he can success of using in t his design i t he pr oceeds of experience 1. 2 m anipulat or in bot h at hom e and abroad of r esearch pr ofile aut om ation m echanical ar m r esearch began Yu 20t h cent ur y m ediumt erm, af t er years wit h wit h put er and aut om ation t echnol gy of developm ent , M akes m echanical ar m on t he Gr and stage of industr ial autom ation and shine, gradually became an industr ial evaluation st andar ds, and it s im port ance can be seen. Now or iginal r obotic arm spent m ost of m ass pr oduction and use on t he pr oduction line, which is pr ogr amm ed r obotic arm . As t he fir st gener at ion of m anipulator posit ion cont r ol syst em s m ain f eat ur es, alt hough not back sever al gener ations t hat can det ect he ext er nal envir onment , but can stil successf uly plet e like welding, paint ing, deliver y as well as f or m at er ials im ple m ovement s. Second gener ation m echanical arm s ar e equipped wit h sensors and manipulat or s have t he envir onm ent her e is a cer tain amount of sense, when t he m echanical arm is t o use t he pr ogr am as a basis. Dif f er ence is t hat he r obot begand drops fOctylah,(PMT):40V。 M anipulator is now used as a industr ial r obot s in use, t he contr ol bj ectives of t en appear oft en in industr ial automation. I ndustrial aut om at ion t echnology has gr adualy m atur ed, as m ature a t echnol gy line has been r apid development in industrial aut om at ion as a separ at e subj ect. Manipulat or applicat ion began t o filt er int o welding, logistics, m echanical pr ocessing, and ot her indust ries. Especially at high or ver y low t emperatur es, f ul of poisonous gases, high r adiation case, r obot in sim ilar cir cumst ances showed great use also brings gr eat convenience t o t he st af f. Pr ecisely because of t his r obot t o get people39。 包括四層含義：○ 1立法機(jī)關(guān)性質(zhì)和級別○ 2法律規(guī)范外部表現(xiàn)形式○ 3效力等級○ 4地域效力 .實(shí)質(zhì)是法的效力等級問題 ——位高、權(quán)重、法力高 世界范圍內(nèi)歷史上存在過的法律形式主要有：習(xí)慣法、宗教法、判例、規(guī)范性法律文件（制定法）、國際慣例、國際條約等。注意把握建設(shè)工程核心法律的所屬部門。 法律部門 主要調(diào)整對象或者領(lǐng)域 法規(guī)列舉 1憲法及憲