【文章內容簡介】
odes ( r elay and iscr et e electr onic cir cuit s) ar e t hese f at al f laws: ( 1) cannot adapt t o t he plex logic contr ol, ( 2) only f or t he cur rent pr oj ect, he lack of patibilt y and ( 3) not r ef orm ing t he system wit h equipment im pr ovem ent s. Spr ing f or t he developm ent of China39。s m oder n i dustr ial aut omation t echnol gy t he subst ant ial incr ease in t he level of indust rial aut omation, pleted t he perf ect r elay of t he puter t oo m uch. I n t erm s of contr oling t he put er showed his t wo great advantages: ( 1) each of t he har dware can be installed on one or more micr opr ocessor s。 ( 2) t he of ficial designer of t he soft war e wr it ing cont ent cont r ol is all about . Now in sever al ways in t he context of industrial aut om at ion can oft en be seen in t hree ways: ( 1) Pr ogram mable Logical Contr oler ( r ef er red t o as I PC)。 ( 2) Dist ribut ed Cont r ol Syst em ( DCS f or short ), and ( 3) t he Pr ogrammable Logical Contr oler ( PLC f or shor t) . 2. 1. 2 PLC and t he I PC and DCS cont r ast cont rast 1, each of t he t hr ee t echnol gies of origins and evelopment r equir em ents f or f ast data pr ocessing m akes it invent ed t he puter. The men br ought in t erm s of har dwar e t here, using a high level of st andar dization, can use m or e pat ibilt y t ools, is a r ich soft war e r esources, especially t he need f or im mediacy in oper ational systems. So t he puter can eff ectively cont rol is used t o contr ol and m eet i s speed, on t he vir t ual m odel, r eal tim e and in putational r equir em ents. Dist ributed system start ed wit h a cont rol syst em f or industrial aut om at ic instr um ent used t o cont rol, wher eas now it is successf uly developed int o indust rial contr ol put er used as a cent ral colection and ist ribution syst em and tr ansit ion of distr ibut ed contr ol system in analogue handling, loop contr ol, has begun t o r eflect he use of a huge advantage. Though distr ibut ed syst em has great advant ages in loop r egulat ion, but only as a m eans of continuous process contr ol. Optim izat ion of PLC is t he cor responding r elay needs was born, it s main use in t he work order cont rol, ear ly prim ar y is r eplaced relay this hulking syst em, focused on t he swit ch cont roling t he runni g or der of f unctions. Marked by t he micr opr ocessor in t he early 1970 of t he 20th cent ur y emer ged, micr o electr onics technology has developed r apidly, people soon micr oelectr onics pr ocessing technology wil be used in t he Pr ogr amm able Logical Cont roler ( that is ( 1012P35) 法的 形式 制定機關 表現(xiàn)形式及示例 效力等級 可設置的 處罰種類 1憲法(典) 全國人大 《中華人民共和國憲法》 最高 不得抵觸,否則無效 2法律 (狹義) 全國人大(基本)及其常委會(一般) 《民法通則》《刑法》《合同法》;《建筑法》《招標投標法》《安全生產(chǎn)法》;《 XX法》 僅次于憲法;注意《立法法》中規(guī)定的 “法律保留事項 ”1 各種刑罰以及行政處罰(只有《刑法》可以設定刑罰) 3行政法規(guī) 國務院(中央政府、最高行政機關) 《建設工程安全生產(chǎn)條例》《建設工程質量管理條例》;《 XX條例》 低于憲法、法律 立法依據(jù):為執(zhí)行法律、憲法規(guī)定、人大授權 限制人身自由以外的行政處罰 4 地方法規(guī)、自治條例、單行條例 省 級 、省 會市、較大市的人 大 及其 常委會 《 黑龍江省建筑市場管理條例》《上海市軌道交通管理條例》;《 XX省 /市 XX條例》 低于法律、行政法規(guī);立法依據(jù):為執(zhí)行法律法規(guī);地方事務需要 限制人身自由、吊銷企業(yè)營業(yè)執(zhí)照以外的行政處罰 5部門(部委)規(guī)章 國 務 院組 成部委、直屬機構(具有行政主 體 資格 的部門) 《工程建設項目施工招標投標辦法》《建筑業(yè)企業(yè)資質管理規(guī)定》;《 XX行業(yè) XX規(guī)定 /決定 /辦法》 低于法律、法規(guī) 細化上位法規(guī)定的行政處罰,設立警告、罰款的行政處罰 6地方政府規(guī)章 省 級 、省 會市、較大市人民政府 《北京市建筑工程施工許可辦法》《上海市軌道交 通運營安全管理辦法》;《 XX規(guī)定 /決定 /辦法》 低于法律、法規(guī),低于同級、上級地方性法規(guī) 細化上位法規(guī)定的行政處罰,設立警告、罰款的行政處罰 1 《立法法》第八條規(guī)定下列事項只能制定法律: 1國家主權事項 2人大、政府、法院、檢察院的產(chǎn)生、組織和職權 3民族區(qū)域自治制度、特別行政區(qū)制度、基層群眾自治制度 4犯罪和刑罰 5對公民政治權利的剝奪、限制人身自由6非國有財產(chǎn)征收 7民事基本制度 8基本和重要經(jīng)濟制度 9訴訟和仲裁制度 10其他 其中 9為法律絕對保留事項,即不可以授權立法,由國務院先行制訂行政法規(guī) ( 1012P56) 憲法至上 上位法優(yōu)于下位法 特別法優(yōu)于一般法(前提為 “同一機關制定 ”) 新法優(yōu)于舊法(前提為 “同一機關制定 ”) 需要由有關機關裁決適用的特殊情況 同一機關制定:新的一般法與舊的特別法之間沖突;由制定機關裁決。 不同機關制定: ○ 1部門規(guī)章之間、部門規(guī)章與地方政府規(guī)章沖突;由國務院裁決。 ○ 2部門規(guī)章與地方性法規(guī)沖突,由國務院提出意見,若國務院認為應該適用部門規(guī)章,應當提請全國人大常委會裁決。 授權立法的法規(guī)(包括行政法規(guī)和 地方法規(guī))與法律規(guī)定不一致,由全國人大常委會裁決。 備案和審查(第三版教材新增內容,以下簡稱 “三版新增 ”) ○ 1備案:行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)(含自治條例、單行條例)、規(guī)章應當在公布后的 30日內,依照《立法法》的規(guī)定報有關機關備案。 ○ 2審查:對違憲或違背法律的規(guī)范性文件進行審查 提出主體: 國務院、中央軍委、兩高、省級人大常委會、全國人大專門委員會; 其他機關、團體、公民(不必然啟動實質審查) 審查對象: 行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)、自治條例、單行條例、規(guī)章 審查主體: 全國人大常委會 法律 后果: 制定機關修改;全國人大常委會予以撤銷 、行政法規(guī)與相關法律的關系( 1013P69) M anipulat or is now used as a industrial r obots in use, the cont rol object ives oft en appear of ten in indust rial aut omat ion. Indust rial aut omation t echnol gy has gradually m at ured, as m at ur e a technology line has been rapid development in indust rial aut omat ion as a separate subject. Manipulat or application began t o f ilt er int o welding, logistics, mechanical pr ocessing, and other indust ries. Especially at high or very low t emper at ures, ful of poisonous gases, high radiation case, r obot in similar circumst ances showed gr eat use also br ings gr eat convenience to t he st af f. Pr ecisely because of t his r obot to get people39。s at tent ion began t o be a high degr ee of development. Labor ates, working condit ions, labor int ensive aspects of pr omot ing development. Bot h at home and abr oad t o develop t he PLC (pr ogrammable logic ontr oler ) is in various pecial cir cumst ances and under special condit ions set f or mechanical devices. Now t ur ned on t he development of t he microelectr onics aut omat ic contr ol t echnology and t he r apid development of t he t r ains, t he s ucess of PLC har dware soft war e and simulation cont rol win big and successf ul developm ent, now continues t o develop as a f actory automation standards. Because r obots are good development of t he t echnol gy makes a god opt imization of pr oductive capit al, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good pat ibilt y, wide availabilt y, hardwar e is plet e, and programming t hat can be m astered in a shor t im e, so in t he