【正文】 hinese, for example, “Goodbye” and “再見”, there still exists different expressions of saying goodbye. According to Chinese munication habits, guests often express some reasons concerning the host when they leave, such as “You must be very tired. I have to go. (你一定很累，我得先走了。 4) understanding the literal meaning, but failing to find out the real intention of the people。 2) knowing the right expressions of English, but applying mother tongue’ meaning and structure to English。第五章是對整篇論文的小結(jié)。本章研究的重點主要是中西方不同的思維方式和價值觀念。第二章主要分析了跨文化交際中的兩大語用失誤，即語用語言失誤和社交語用失誤，并以日常生活中生動的例子進(jìn)行了解釋。本文將對跨文化交際中的語用失誤進(jìn)行討論和分析，共由5個章節(jié)構(gòu)成。在進(jìn)行交流時，它會給來自不同文化、不同民族背景的人們造成誤解。語用失誤是眾多引起交際失敗的重要原因之一。 pragmatic petence。Pragmatic Failure in Crosscultural CommunicationAbstract: With the globalization of economy, crosscultural munication is increasing rapidly in the whole world. Pragmatic failure often occurs in crosscultural munication, which leads to misunderstandings among different speakers with various ethnic backgrounds. Pragmatic failure is one of the most important factors which contribute to the failure of munication. Only by understanding cultural differences, learning pragmatic failures, strengthening cultural awareness, and applying munication strategies properly can we make a successful crosscultural munication. This study aims to discuss and analyze pragmatic failure in crosscultural munication. The thesis consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter introduces some basic definitions of the terminologies in this study, such as culture, pragmatics, pragmatic failure and crosscultural munication, etc. It also briefly introduces the purpose of the study. The second chapter discusses the two types of pragmatic failure with fresh examples, pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. The third chapter analyzes some major factors contributing to pragmatic failure in crosscultural munication. It mainly discusses different thinking patterns and values between the westerners and Chinese. The fourth chapter provides some effective methods and pragmatic strategies to avoid pragmatic failure and interesting activities to develop students’ cultural awareness and pragmatic petence. Finally, a conclusion is given to summarize the whole study.Key words: pragmatic failure。 crosscultural munication。 cultural difference跨文化交際中的語用失誤摘要：隨著經(jīng)濟全球化發(fā)展，跨文化交際在世界范圍內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來。語用失誤是經(jīng)常發(fā)生在跨文化交際中的一種語言現(xiàn)象。只有懂得不同文化之間的差異，了解語用失誤，加強對文化意識的培養(yǎng)，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用交際策略，這樣我們才能在跨文化交際中成功地進(jìn)行進(jìn)行順利的交流互動。第一章主要講的是研究背景，重點是介紹本文中所涉及的一些專業(yè)術(shù)語，比如說文化、語用學(xué)、跨文化交際和語用失誤等，同時也簡單的介紹了本文的寫作意圖。第三章討論了造成跨文化交際失誤的主要原因。第四章主要提供了一些避免語用失誤的策略，和一些有效且有趣的方法來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化意識和語用能力。關(guān)鍵詞： 語用失誤；跨文化交際；語用能力；文化背景差異 ContentsAbstract…………………………………………………………………………………………I1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….1 Research Background…………………………………………………………………...2 The Purpose of This Study………………………………………………………………12. Types of Pragmatic Failure………………………………………………………………….3 Pragmalinguistic Failure………………………………………………………………...3 The Real Meaning of “Do you have time?”………………………………………...3 The Reply of “How are you?”………………………………………………………4 The Usage of “of course”…………………………………………………………...4 Slangs, and Proverbs…………………………………………………………….….4 Sociopragmatic Failure………………………………………………………………….5 Opening a Safe Topic with a Foreigner……………………………………………..5 Compliment……………………………………………………………………..…..6 Farewell………………………………………………………………………….….6 Expressing Gratitude………………………………………………………………..73. The Factors Contributing to the Pragmatic Failure……………………………………....…8 Different Thinking Patterns……………………………………………………………..8 Different Means of Expressions…………………………………………..………...8 Different Word Order ……………………………………………………..……..…8 Different Expressions of Voices……………………………………………..…..….8 The Pragmatic Rules and Cultural Interference of Mother Tongue……………………..8 Different Values…………………………………………………………………..……..9 Weak Context Awareness…………………………………………………………..……9 Different Nonverbal Behaviors………………………………………………….…….104. Tactics to Avoid Pragmatic Failure and Develop Communicative Competence in Crosscultural Communication……………………………………………….…………...….10 Tactics to Avoid Pragmatic Failure………………………………………………….....10 Improvement of pragmatic petence…………………………………...………10 The Appliance of Pragmatic Strategies…………………………………………....11 Tactics to Develop Communicative Competence…………………………………...…11 Pragmatic Knowledge and Cultural Differences…………………………………..12 Developing Communicative Activities and Creating Language Environment…....125. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………13References…………………………………………………………….……………………....15Pragmatic Failure in Crosscultural Communication1. Introduction Research BackgroundBefore we really get into the research, let’s learn some basic concepts of terminologies.The first question is what culture is. Simply put, culture is a system of meaning. That is too abstract a definition to really understand. The most usual meaning is that culture refers to people’s customs and behaviors. There is a probably the most widely accepted definition of culture.“Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions, and munication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.”(Davis, 2001: 24)Simply speaking, pragmatics is the study of relationships between symbol and its users. It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect munication. In other words, pragmatics generally refers to the study of natural language understanding, and especially the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings. This branch is different from other linguistic branches, because in it “speakers” get involved.Cross cultural munication refers to exchange activities between people of different cultural backgrounds. In 1991, Port