【正文】 移民) are the three ingredients(組成) of culture?①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)②behavior(what they do)③concepts(共有觀點）(what they think) to understand cultural iceberg? just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, ninetenth of culture is below the surface are the characteristic(特點） of culture?①shared ②learned(enculuration 文化習(xí)得：learning one39。名詞解釋1 economic globalization(經(jīng)濟全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system(物物交換）：exchange without money– Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.– Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3 global village(地球村）：the world form one munity– All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot(大熔爐）：a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and subcultures to which members belong.7. Communication(交際）: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural munication(跨文化交際）：munication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同） enough to alter（改變） their municaion。 a fortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 創(chuàng)造一個舒適的氣候和花費時間在談判的探索階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。 Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations。 prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德國人喜歡明確的，堅定的，和assertire表達而日本鼓勵轉(zhuǎn)換、碎片化的表達 negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition. 墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。 Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 日本人認(rèn)為，社交是談判過程中不可或缺的一部分，而美國人卻不這么認(rèn)為 negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status. 美國談判團隊成員通常在他們的社會和職業(yè)地位的基礎(chǔ)上 Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 與日本和中國的談判人員一樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國的談判進程中，有一個詳細的書面協(xié)議是不一樣的。 is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our munication. 這是困難的，但可能尋求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的溝通。 socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness. 男性社會化強調(diào)做事情，把行動視為創(chuàng)造和表達親密的主要方式。中國人傾向于和他們說話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人VI Comprehension Check is the cultural meaning of “sex”. 性別是“性”的文化內(nèi)涵 and gender are lady might be feminine, masculine or a bination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結(jié)合 are generally fortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性一般舒適與建筑密切關(guān)系和信任別人，而大多數(shù)人都保留對參與和披露。T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯屬于艱難的文化 T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中，為了表示尊重或服從，應(yīng)該避免使用目光接觸T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方婦女通常喜歡中國人接觸他們的身體或小孩。V Comprehension CheckT1 Speaking is just one mode of munication. There are many others. 說只是一種交流方式。T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 違反文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違背了言語禁忌T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思維方式隨文化而變化。這與英語是一樣的。IV Comprehension CheckF 1Verbal munication is more important than nonverbal munication. 言語交際比非語言交際更為重要F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龍” to the Chinese. “龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。F8. Americans tends to be selfeffacing in their pliments responses. 美國人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應(yīng)。T and verbs are often used to convey pliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容詞和動詞常被用來傳遞英語中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢語里。 III Comprehension CheckT the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for pliments. 有時，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對贊美的贊美 social functions of Chinese and English pliments are roughly the same. 漢語和英語的社會功能大致相同。 F_9.”Thank you for ing!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 謝謝你的到來！“當(dāng)客人剛到的時候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達形式。 hospitality toward the wes