【正文】 f brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks II. Capitalization Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper nouns. 在英語(yǔ)寫作中，很多情況下要使用大寫字母。 譯文：由于貴國(guó)政府的提議，才 得以這樣快地重新實(shí)現(xiàn)訪問(wèn)。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. ，漢語(yǔ)多后重心 在表達(dá)多邏輯思維時(shí)，英語(yǔ)往往是判斷或結(jié)論等在前，事實(shí)或描寫等在后，即重心在前；漢語(yǔ)則是由因到果 . 由假設(shè)到推論 . 由事實(shí)到結(jié)論，即重心在后。s mind。s tongue。s eyes。在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，英語(yǔ)往往省略前面已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)，而漢語(yǔ)則往往重復(fù)這些省略了的詞。 ，漢語(yǔ)多補(bǔ)充 英語(yǔ)一方面十分注重 句子結(jié)構(gòu)，另一方面又喜歡使用省略。這說(shuō)明詞典對(duì)詞的定義和解釋是死的，而實(shí)際運(yùn)用中的語(yǔ)言是活的。 (要知義如何，關(guān)鍵看詞伙 )，二是 Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them。 Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the pla can provide a fortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food. 譯文：除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食 ，否則人們將不得不接受更多的 “人造食品 ”。 ，漢語(yǔ)多具體 英文句子主要難在結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜和表達(dá)抽象上。到九歲的時(shí)候，這只猴子已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了單獨(dú)表演駕駛拖拉機(jī)了。 The monkey39。第一次說(shuō) 我認(rèn)為 可以用 I think，第二次再用 I think顯然就很乏味，應(yīng)該換成 I believe或 I imagine 之類的表達(dá)。漢語(yǔ)雖然也有 被 . 由 之類的詞表示動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)的，但這種表達(dá)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)那么常見，因此，英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)在漢譯中往往成了主動(dòng)。 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend。 ，漢語(yǔ)多名詞 英語(yǔ)不僅有 we. you. he. they等人稱代詞，而且還有 that. which之類的關(guān)系代詞，在長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子，為了使句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確 . 語(yǔ)義清楚，同時(shí)避免表達(dá)上的重復(fù)，英語(yǔ)往往使用很多代詞。從上面的譯文我們可以看出，為了使中文表達(dá)更加清楚， but only if...and only if.。 Example: On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is pared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 譯文： 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這樣一個(gè) 結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他相比的另一個(gè)孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒(méi)有因缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。 ，漢語(yǔ)多分句 英語(yǔ)句子不僅可以在簡(jiǎn)單句中使用很長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)使句子變長(zhǎng)，同時(shí)也可以用從句使句子變復(fù)雜，而這些從句往往通過(guò)從句引導(dǎo)詞與主句或其它從句連接，整個(gè)句子盡管表面上看錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜卻是一個(gè)整體。 英文原句是個(gè)典型的長(zhǎng)句，由 27 個(gè)詞組成，中間沒(méi)有使用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，完全靠語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)使整個(gè)句子的意思化零為整： less through...and more from構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)雜的狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞 arisen。正是由于這個(gè)原因，英譯漢試題幾乎百分之百都是長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的句子，而翻譯成中文經(jīng)常就成了許多短小的句子。而漢語(yǔ)譯文明顯就是簡(jiǎn)單的敘述，至于句子之間的關(guān)系完全通過(guò)句子的語(yǔ)義表現(xiàn)出來(lái)：前三個(gè)句子可以看成是并列關(guān)系，最后一個(gè)句子則表示結(jié)果。 ” Example: Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, puters with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television and digital age will have arrived. 譯文： 兒童將與裝有個(gè)性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視前休閑，到這時(shí)數(shù)字時(shí)代就來(lái)到了。 6. 便條總分為 10 分， 6 分為及格線。 5. 要求大家閱卷時(shí)做到認(rèn)真仔細(xì)，不漏改卷，漏填分?jǐn)?shù)或漏簽名。 2. 便條總字?jǐn)?shù) (包括三部分格式在內(nèi) )，要求在 50—60 字；不到 40 或超過(guò) 80 字扣1 分。語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格與情景不一致，扣 1 分 (如： Yours truly, Truly yours, If you consent , etc). 只有語(yǔ)言較好才得分。 二 .內(nèi)容 (占 2 分 ) 本便條必須包括如下內(nèi)容： (1 分 ) (1 分 ) 三 .語(yǔ)言 (占 5 分 ) 1. 首句需用自己正確的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，若完全抄提示扣 1 分。 錯(cuò)一部分扣 1 分。 ，如全左或全右，若不符合，扣 1 分。 (date): 正確： April 24th ,2020/ April 24, 2020/ April 24/24 April 2020/4/24/2020 24/4/2020(，任何一個(gè)日期都可以 ) (Heading): 正確： (Dear)Mike:(,)/ (Dear)Hilda:(,) (缺逗 號(hào)或冒號(hào)，扣 分 ) 位置在日期下面一行左側(cè)?？荚嚂r(shí)間為 10 分鐘。要求根據(jù)提示寫大約 50～ 60 詞的便條 . 通知 . 請(qǐng)?zhí)取? 說(shuō)明文 (exposition) An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem. 記敘文 (narration) To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems. 議論文 (argumentation) It is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning。作文的類別有說(shuō)明文 (exposition). 記敘文 (narration)或議論文(argumentation)。 波特溫著 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 教 案 周 次 第 1 周，第 1 次課 授課時(shí)間 授課章節(jié) Course Description and Introduction of Writing 本 (章 )節(jié) 授課方式 課堂講授 (√) 實(shí)踐課 ( ) 教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù) 2 學(xué)時(shí) 授 課 要 點(diǎn) 本 (章) 節(jié) 教 學(xué) 目 標(biāo) 1. Course Description 2. Introduction of English writing 3. Difference between Chinese and English writing 教 學(xué) 重 點(diǎn) 和 難 點(diǎn) 1. Course Description 2. Introduction of English writing and TEM4 思考題 或 作 業(yè) 1. Review what they have learned in the writing course. 2. Preview Textbook Part One 教學(xué)內(nèi)容與組織安排 Time allotment: Course Description 30 min Introduction to TEM 4 25 min Difference between Chinese and English Writing 35 min Ⅰ . Course Description Writing differs greatly from other exercises like making up sentences, filling blanks, selection, proofreading and translation. Writing asks for the expression of clear and plete ideas, while other exercises focus more on the grasp of language projects. In other words, the major purpose of writing is not to help students to get familiar with certain grammar or vocabulary, but to improve students’ ability to express what they think about in English. During the whole process, students will not only review the old but also learn the new grammar and vocabulary, both of which take review and learning as the premises. Writing is neither grammar nor vocabulary, but the course that studies how to express one’s idea. Writing involves a lot of issues. Apart from various aspects related to language, it also involves idea, material, anization and writing format, which asks for careful consideration. In language, students will be helped to continuously improve the accuracy and vividness of expression, making them gradually feel better about writing in English. In terms of contents, you should have a right point of view and clear logic. In terms of writing format, there is also strict requirement. Therefore, writing is an overall training, which is conducive to your language level, but also to the improvement of your observation, analysis an