【正文】 do eat soup)Right: Some people do not eat soup as others do. (= do eat soup)Use be, do and have in this way only if you mean the positive form of the verb.u 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的位置：放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面Example:Wrong: Our division spent significant funds on HAVING TO build facilities.Right: Our division HAD TO spend significant funds on building facilities.2) 如果句子中其他詞語(yǔ)已經(jīng)表達(dá)了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞要表達(dá)的意思，就不能再出現(xiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞以免重復(fù)。如下例：Example:Wordy: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has seen an aardvark.Better: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father HAS.Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father DID.Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.2) 在一些罕見的情況下，and的前后動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)可以不一樣，如下例：Example:Wrong: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they ARE.Right: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they DO.分析：第二句中，“do”和前面部分的時(shí)態(tài)不一致，前面是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，后面是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 隱喻式的比較是不被GMAT接受的，要用than使比較明確起來(lái)，所以如果句子中沒有than，就不可以用比較級(jí)！Example：Wrong: With winter ing, I will have HIGHER energy bills.Wrong: I will have HIGHER bills OVER last year.Right: I will have HIGHER bills THAN last year.Always use than with a parative form.1 動(dòng)詞和比較（高階）u 助動(dòng)詞1) 在動(dòng)作重復(fù)的時(shí)候，后半部分的動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)可省略，用助動(dòng)詞be, do, have/has代替。但是，GMAT中也出現(xiàn)過(guò)這種wordy的現(xiàn)象，所以GMAC為王，千萬(wàn)不要以多余助動(dòng)詞的出現(xiàn)作為排除選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，只是分析題目的時(shí)候，這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)要識(shí)別的出來(lái)。平常s1 v o at the same time as s2 有s2與o比較的歧義，所以為了避免造成這種歧義，就把動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)助，將其限定為s1與s2兩主語(yǔ)的比較，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)詞后沒有帶賓語(yǔ)，不補(bǔ)助動(dòng)詞也不會(huì)引起歧義，補(bǔ)了助動(dòng)詞反而是redundant178。 如何消除歧義1) 當(dāng)比較對(duì)象做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，將省略的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)都補(bǔ)充完整Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)如何補(bǔ)充完整：把than前面的比較對(duì)象cheese換成Yvette，謂語(yǔ)like由助動(dòng)詞代替，然后照抄到than后面。Example：Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}Yvette在原句中既可以做主語(yǔ)，表示“我比Yvette更愛芝士”；也可以做賓語(yǔ)，表示“我愛芝士比我愛Yvette多”，產(chǎn)生了歧義。 怎么判斷產(chǎn)生歧義與否一般的，比較對(duì)象在句中都充當(dāng)同樣的成分，如主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 只要沒有歧義，重復(fù)提到的單詞、詞組甚至是句子都可以省略In general, you should put in the omitted words or appropriate Helping Verbs (such as be,do, and have) only if you need39。 [car}. My toes are longer than the Smiths39。s [car}. My toes are longer than Brian39。s build, LIKE that of his brother is broad and muscular.Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.u 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上平行詳細(xì)內(nèi)容參見平行那一章u 詞語(yǔ)省略（只要邏輯合理，重復(fù)的都能省，所以邏輯為王?。?78。s build, LIKE his brother39。正確的表達(dá)方式有以下兩種，其中第一句中的相同的詞“build”就省略了，避免重復(fù)；第二句用that代替build也是可行的方法。Wrong：Frank39。因此as只可以引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)完整句子的比較，不能引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)名詞的比較。此時(shí)，跟在unlike和like后面的名詞都只是與句子主語(yǔ)作比較178。like,such as,Like是用于兩個(gè)名詞間的比較的。下圖是其他比較結(jié)構(gòu)信號(hào)詞：u as 和 like（更高階的請(qǐng)看曼哈頓P248249）178。 最重要的四個(gè)信號(hào)詞是：like，unlike，than，as！遇到這四個(gè)詞，就一定要注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)的考點(diǎn)。 關(guān)于either…or…的平行Either…or…在句子中位置的不同，導(dǎo)致平行的變化如下（OG SC 56）：A． either在動(dòng)詞前面: ……either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or fashioned fromGandharan grey schis.B． Either 在介詞前面：……fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schis.C． Either 在名詞前面：……fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schis.178。 從句平行從句只有和引導(dǎo)詞相同的從句才可以平行！除此之外，和任何詞、短語(yǔ)、從句都不平行。 形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞可以平行（分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)）Example:A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND still fresh, is on display.Only a few feet wide BUT spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.178。 neither…nor…。 from…to…。 not…but…。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞平行The plant BOTH exceeded output targets AND ran more smoothly than ever.178。Example:Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.178。根據(jù)這個(gè)規(guī)律，上面的錯(cuò)句子應(yīng)該改成：Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.178。一般的，就是在動(dòng)名詞前面加量詞a, an, the或者在動(dòng)名詞前面加形容詞，然后再在動(dòng)名詞后面+of…，這樣徹底就變成名詞了。 簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)名詞和其他動(dòng)作性名詞也不能平行1） 什么是簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)名詞：其實(shí)就是現(xiàn)在分詞！是在句子或短語(yǔ)中仍然是動(dòng)詞的作用和性質(zhì)，但由于搭配介詞、表示伴隨、表示修飾，作主語(yǔ)或充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)外的其他成分等原因把動(dòng)詞形式改成了ing形式。在GMAT考試過(guò)程中特別喜歡考比較對(duì)象對(duì)等1. 平行規(guī)則（高階）178。 當(dāng)并列形式為：X and Y的時(shí)候，一般是沒有逗號(hào)的，但如果X是從句且非常長(zhǎng)的話，也可以選擇在and前面加逗號(hào)。整體名詞不能對(duì)個(gè)體概念 no money or staff membersD）。 if關(guān)于A is to B what C is to D另外，系動(dòng)詞也是parallel maker,系動(dòng)詞包括：Be（所有形式）, appear, bee, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn記住一個(gè)大原則：所有句子中要表達(dá)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上事物或人時(shí)，都需要平行?。。。。?！并列常見形式總結(jié)：（形式對(duì)稱） 介詞短語(yǔ)與介詞短語(yǔ)并列； 名詞(短語(yǔ))與名詞(短語(yǔ))并列，尤其是動(dòng)作性名詞(短語(yǔ))的并列；實(shí)物名詞和動(dòng)作性名詞不能并列，簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)名詞和其他動(dòng)作性名詞都不能并列。（因此從屬連詞只能引導(dǎo)完整的句子這個(gè)完整的句子包括連接代詞本身，不能引導(dǎo)詞或短語(yǔ)）從屬連詞在名詞性從句中有:that。并列連詞可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子svo, 引導(dǎo)vo，引導(dǎo)o，也有“but+介詞短語(yǔ), 句子”或者“but+從句，主句”的情況；而從屬連詞只能引導(dǎo)完整的句子。平行不僅僅局限于出現(xiàn)了parallel maker，在一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中要表達(dá)2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上的人或事物in the same way都需要平行。 neither…nor…X act as Y, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, As X, So Y, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, pared to X, Y…, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y（以上的組合中發(fā)現(xiàn)：只要有and, as, or的組合都要求平行，另外只要是表示比較的也都要平行，還有一個(gè)舉例的。 from…to…。 not only…but also。 both…and…。 but。能表達(dá)清楚句意的時(shí)態(tài)就是正確的時(shí)態(tài)常見Parallel Makers:and。關(guān)鍵的詞或者成分，就是兩個(gè)平行或?qū)Ρ染湟獙?duì)比或要并列的部分。Example：Right：Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.Right：Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.關(guān)于主謂倒裝后的主謂一致Example1：Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Flip it! ：A lonely house， inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Example2：Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.Flip it!： A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.這個(gè)要靠自己仔細(xì)體會(huì)，努力發(fā)現(xiàn)了?。。?！There be 句型屬于這種情況！注意：there be句